The Global Market for Industrial Gases 2025-2035 (Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Helium, Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Other Types)

1.1 Definition and Classification of Industrial Gases
1.2 Major Types of Industrial Gases
1.2.1 Oxygen
1.2.2 Nitrogen
1.2.3 Argon
1.2.4 Hydrogen
1.2.5 Carbon Dioxide
1.2.6 Helium
1.2.7 Acetylene
1.2.8 Other Specialty Gases
1.3 Key Applications and End-Use Industries
1.4 Production Methods and Technologies
1.4.1 Air Separation Units (ASUs)
1.4.2 Steam Methane Reforming
1.4.3 Electrolysis
1.4.4 By-Product Recovery
1.5 Distribution and Supply Chain Dynamics

2.1 Global Industrial Gas Market Size
2.1.1 By Gas Type
2.1.2 By End-Use Industry
2.1.3 By Supply Mode (On-site, Bulk, Cylinder)
2.2 Regional Market Analysis
2.2.1 North America
2.2.2 Europe
2.2.3 Asia-Pacific
2.2.4 Latin America
2.2.5 Middle East and Africa
2.3 Market Drivers and Restraints
2.4 Industry Trends and Developments

3.1 Oxygen Classification and Purity Levels
3.2 Main Markets and Typical Levels of Purity
3.2.1 Steelmaking
3.2.2 Chemicals Production
3.2.3 Refining
3.2.4 Glass & Ceramics Production
3.2.5 Water Treatment
3.2.6 Medical Oxygen
3.2.7 Metal Fabrication
3.2.8 Pulp & Paper
3.2.9 Food Industry
3.3 Production
3.3.1 Cryogenic air separation
3.3.2 Main domestic US oxygen suppliers
3.4 Transportation
3.4.1 Transportation Types
3.4.2 Liquid Oxygen Transport
3.4.3 Rail Transport
3.4.4 Alternative Supply Modes
3.4.5 LOX Transport Economics
3.4.6 Industry Structure
3.4.7 Regulations
3.4.8 Outlook
3.5 Storage
3.6 Production and Consumption Trends
3.6.1 By Region
3.6.2 By Classification/purity
3.6.3 By Industrial applications
3.6.4 By Production costs
3.7 Pricing
3.7.1 By Classification/purity
3.7.2 By Industrial applications
3.8 The oxygen economy and production
3.8.1 Dynamics shaping industrial oxygen outlook
3.8.1.1 Steelmaking and Metals
3.8.1.2 Chemicals
3.8.1.3 Refining
3.8.1.4 Glass & Ceramics Production
3.8.1.5 Water treatment
3.8.1.6 Medical oxygen
3.8.1.7 Pulp & Paper
3.8.1.8 Other
3.9 Oxygen Market Value Chain
3.10 Market Challenges and Opportunities

4.1 Global Helium Resources and Production
4.1.1 Geographical Distribution of Helium Resources
4.1.2 Major Helium Production Sites
4.1.3 Production capacities
4.1.4 Market by applications
4.2 Helium Applications
4.2.1 Semiconductor Manufacturing
4.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4.2.3 Fiber Optic Manufacturing
4.2.4 Aerospace Applications
4.2.5 Welding
4.2.6 Leak Detection and Testing
4.2.7 Lifting Applications
4.2.8 Helium Mass Spectrometry
4.3 Pricing and supply
4.3.1 Supply Challenges and Price Volatility
4.3.2 Geopolitical Factors Affecting Supply
4.3.3 Impact of Supply Disruptions on End-Users
4.4 Helium Separation Technologies
4.4.1 Cryogenic Distillation
4.4.2 5.4.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
4.4.3 Membrane Separation
4.5 Helium Substitutes and Reclamation
4.5.1 Alternative Gases for Various Applications
4.5.2 Helium Recycling and Recovery Systems
4.5.3 Economic and Technical Feasibility of Substitutes

5.1 Production Methods
5.1.1 Cryogenic Air Separation
5.1.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
5.1.3 Membrane Separation
5.1.4 Comparison of Production Methods
5.2 Raw Materials and Input Costs
5.2.1 Supply Chain Analysis
5.3 Key Markets and Applications
5.3.1 Food Packaging and Preservation
5.3.2 Chemical and Petroleum Industries
5.3.3 Metal Processing and Fabrication
5.3.4 Electronics Manufacturing
5.3.5 Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals
5.4 Other markets
5.5 Market Size and Forecast
5.5.1 Historical Market Trends (2015-2024)
5.5.2 Current Market Size (2024)
5.5.3 Market Forecast (2026-2035)
5.5.4 Market Segmentation
5.5.4.1 By Form (Liquid Nitrogen, Compressed Nitrogen Gas)
5.5.4.2 By Grade (High Purity, Ultra-High Purity, Standard)
5.5.4.3 By End-use Industry
5.5.4.4 By Production Method

6.1 Hydrogen value chain
6.1.1 Production
6.1.2 Transport and storage
6.1.3 Utilization
6.2 National hydrogen initiatives
6.3 Global hydrogen production
6.3.1 Industrial applications
6.3.2 Hydrogen energy
6.3.2.1 Stationary use
6.3.2.2 Hydrogen for mobility
6.3.3 Current Annual H2 Production
6.3.4 Hydrogen production processes
6.3.4.1 Hydrogen as by-product
6.3.4.2 Reforming
6.3.4.2.1 SMR wet method
6.3.4.2.2 Oxidation of petroleum fractions
6.3.4.2.3 Coal gasification
6.3.4.3 Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage
6.3.4.4 Steam reforming of biomethane
6.3.4.5 Water electrolysis
6.3.4.6 The "Power-to-Gas" concept
6.3.4.7 Fuel cell stack
6.3.4.8 Electrolysers
6.3.4.9 Other
6.3.4.9.1 Plasma technologies
6.3.4.9.2 Photosynthesis
6.3.4.9.3 Bacterial or biological processes
6.3.4.9.4 Oxidation (biomimicry)
6.3.5 Production costs
6.4 Green hydrogen
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Role in energy transition
6.4.3 SWOT analysis
6.4.4 Electrolyzer technologies
6.4.4.1 Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE)
6.4.4.2 Anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis
6.4.4.3 PEM water electrolysis
6.4.4.4 Solid oxide water electrolysis
6.4.5 Market players
6.5 Blue hydrogen (low-carbon hydrogen)
6.5.1 Overview
6.5.2 Advantages over green hydrogen
6.5.3 SWOT analysis
6.5.4 Production technologies
6.5.4.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
6.5.4.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
6.5.4.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
6.5.4.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
6.5.4.5 Methane pyrolysis (Turquoise hydrogen)
6.5.4.6 Coal gasification
6.5.4.7 Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG)
6.5.4.8 Biomass processes
6.5.4.9 Microwave technologies
6.5.4.10 Dry reforming
6.5.4.11 Plasma Reforming
6.5.4.12 Solar SMR
6.5.4.13 Tri-Reforming of Methane
6.5.4.14 Membrane-assisted reforming
6.5.4.15 Catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX)
6.5.4.16 Chemical looping combustion (CLC)
6.6 Pink hydrogen
6.6.1 Overview
6.6.2 Production
6.6.3 Applications
6.6.4 SWOT analysis
6.6.5 Market players
6.7 Turquoise hydrogen
6.7.1 Overview
6.7.2 Production
6.7.3 Applications
6.7.4 SWOT analysis
6.7.5 Market players
6.8 Key Markets and Applications
6.8.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
6.8.1.1 Market overview
6.8.1.2 PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)
6.8.1.3 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
6.8.1.4 Alternative fuel cells
6.8.2 Alternative fuel production
6.8.2.1 Solid Biofuels
6.8.2.2 Liquid Biofuels
6.8.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels
6.8.2.4 Conventional Biofuels
6.8.2.5 Advanced Biofuels
6.8.2.6 Feedstocks
6.8.2.7 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
6.8.2.8 Renewable diesel
6.8.2.9 Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
6.8.2.10 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
6.8.2.10.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
6.8.2.10.2 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
6.8.3 Hydrogen Vehicles
6.8.3.1 Market overview
6.8.4 Aviation
6.8.4.1 Market overview
6.8.5 Ammonia production
6.8.5.1 Market overview
6.8.5.2 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
6.8.5.3 Green ammonia synthesis methods
6.8.5.3.1 Haber-Bosch process
6.8.5.3.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
6.8.5.3.3 Electrochemical production
6.8.5.3.4 Chemical looping processes
6.8.5.4 Blue ammonia
6.8.5.4.1 Blue ammonia projects
6.8.5.5 Chemical energy storage
6.8.5.5.1 Ammonia fuel cells
6.8.5.5.2 Marine fuel
6.8.6 Methanol production
6.8.6.1 Market overview
6.8.6.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
6.8.6.3 Production processes
6.8.6.3.1 Anaerobic digestion
6.8.6.3.2 Biomass gasification
6.8.6.3.3 Power to Methane
6.8.7 Steelmaking
6.8.7.1 Market overview
6.8.7.2 Comparative analysis
6.8.7.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
6.8.8 Power & heat generation
6.8.8.1 Market overview
6.8.8.1.1 Power generation
6.8.8.1.2 Heat Generation
6.8.9 Maritime
6.8.9.1 Market overview
6.8.10 Fuel cell trains
6.8.10.1 Market overview
6.8.10.2 Market Trends and Forecast
6.9 Global hydrogen demand forecasts
6.9.1 Price Trends
6.9.2 Market Outlook (2025-2035)

7.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
7.2 CO2 as a commodity
7.2.1 Carbon Capture
7.2.1.1 Source Characterization
7.2.1.2 Purification
7.2.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
7.2.2 Carbon Utilization
7.2.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
7.2.3 Carbon storage
7.2.3.1 Passive storage
7.2.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
7.3 CO2 capture technologies
7.4 >90% capture rate
7.5 99% capture rate
7.6 CO2 capture from point sources
7.6.1 Energy Availability and Costs
7.6.2 Power plants with CCUS
7.6.3 Transportation
7.6.4 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
7.6.5 By source
7.7 Main carbon capture processes
7.7.1 Materials
7.7.2 Post-combustion
7.7.2.1 Chemicals/Solvents
7.7.2.2 Amine-based post-combustion CO2 absorption
7.7.2.3 Physical absorption solvents
7.7.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
7.7.3.1 Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
7.7.3.2 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
7.7.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
7.7.5 Pre-combustion
7.8 Carbon separation technologies
7.8.1 Absorption capture
7.8.2 Adsorption capture
7.8.2.1 Solid sorbent-based CO2 separation
7.8.2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
7.8.2.3 Zeolite-based adsorbents
7.8.2.4 Solid amine-based adsorbents
7.8.2.5 Carbon-based adsorbents
7.8.2.6 Polymer-based adsorbents
7.8.2.7 Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
7.8.2.8 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
7.8.2.9 Solid sorbents in post-combustion
7.8.3 Membranes
7.8.3.1 Membrane-based CO2 separation
7.8.3.2 Post-combustion CO2 capture
7.8.3.2.1 Facilitated transport membranes
7.8.3.3 Pre-combustion capture
7.8.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
7.8.4.1 Cryogenic CO2 capture
7.8.5 Calcium Looping
7.8.5.1 Calix Advanced Calciner
7.8.6 Other technologies
7.8.6.1 LEILAC process
7.8.6.2 CO2 capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
7.8.6.3 CO2 capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
7.8.6.4 Microalgae Carbon Capture
7.8.7 Comparison of key separation technologies
7.8.8 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
7.9 Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
7.9.1 Overview of technology
7.9.2 Biomass conversion
7.9.3 BECCS facilities
7.9.4 Challenges
7.10 Direct air capture (DAC)
7.10.1 Technology description
7.10.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
7.10.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
7.10.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
7.10.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
7.10.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
7.10.2 Advantages of DAC
7.10.3 Deployment
7.10.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
7.10.5 Technologies
7.10.5.1 Solid sorbents
7.10.5.2 Liquid sorbents
7.10.5.3 Liquid solvents
7.10.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
7.10.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
7.10.5.6 Direct conversion
7.10.5.7 Co-product generation
7.10.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
7.10.5.9 Regeneration methods
7.10.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
7.10.7 Commercialization and plants
7.10.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
7.10.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
7.10.10 Capacity forecasts
7.10.11 Costs
7.10.12 Market challenges for DAC
7.10.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
7.10.14 Players and production
7.11 Global market forecasts
7.11.1 CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
7.11.2 Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa
7.11.3 Revenues
7.11.4 CCUS capacity forecast by capture type

8.1 Overview of Argon
8.1.1 Chemical Properties and Characteristics
8.1.2 Natural Occurrence and Abundance
8.1.3 Importance of Argon in Various Industries
8.2 Raw Materials and Input Costs
8.3 Global Production Capacity
8.4 Supply Chain Analysis
8.5 Production Methods
8.5.1 Air Separation Units (ASUs)
8.5.2 Cryogenic Distillation
8.5.3 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
8.6 Key Applications
8.6.1 Metal Production and Fabrication
8.6.2 Welding and Cutting
8.6.3 Electronics and Semiconductor Manufacturing
8.6.4 Lighting Industry
8.6.5 Other markets
8.7 Market Trends and Forecast
8.7.1 Historical Market Trends (2015-2024)
8.7.2 Current Market Size (2025)
8.7.3 Market Forecast (2026-2035)
8.7.4 Market Segmentation
8.7.4.1 By Form (Liquid Argon, Compressed Argon Gas)
8.7.4.2 By Grade (Ultra-High Purity, High Purity, Standard)
8.7.4.3 By End-use Industry
8.7.4.4 By Production Method
8.7.5 Pricing Analysis
8.7.5.1 Historical Price Trends
8.7.5.2 Current Pricing Patterns
8.7.5.3 Factors Affecting Argon Prices

10.1 Manufacturing and Metallurgy
10.2 Chemicals and Petrochemicals
10.3 Healthcare and Pharmaceuticals
10.4 Food and Beverage
10.5 Electronics and Semiconductor
10.6 Energy and Power Generation
10.7 Aerospace and Aviation
10.8 Environmental and Water Treatment
10.9 Technology and Innovation
10.9.1 Advancements in Production Technologies
10.9.2 Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 in Gas Production
10.9.3 Digitalization and IoT in Supply Chain Management
10.9.4 Emerging Applications and Novel Uses of Industrial Gases

11.1 Market Structure and Concentration
11.2 Key Players and Market Share Analysis
11.3 Competitive Strategies
11.4 SWOT Analysis of Major Players
11.5 Market Dynamics and Trends
11.5.1 Pricing Trends and Factors Affecting Pricing
11.5.2 Supply-Demand Balance and Trade Dynamics
11.5.3 Impact of Energy Prices on Production Costs
11.6 Regulatory Environment and Compliance Issues
11.7 Sustainability Initiatives in the Industry
11.8 Impact of Global Events on the Industrial Gas Market
11.9 Future Outlook and Market Forecast
11.10 Long-term Market Projections (2025-2035)
11.11 Emerging Applications and Potential Game-Changers
11.12 Investment Opportunities and Recommendations

13.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
13.2 Glossary of Terms
13.3 List of Abbreviations

Table 1. Classification of Industrial Gases
Table 2. Other specialty gases
Table 3. Key Applications and End-Use Industries
Table 4. Comparison of production methods and technologies
Table 5. Global Industrial Gas Market Size, by Gas Type (2015-2035)
Table 6.Global Industrial Gas Market Size, by End-Use Industry (2015-2035)
Table 7. Industrial Gas Market Size, by Supply Mode (2015-2035)
Table 8. North America Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Table 9. Europe Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Table 10. Asia-Pacific Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Table 11. Latin America Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Table 12. Middle East and Africa Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Table 13. Industrial Gases Market Drivers and Restraints
Table 14. Industrial oxygen by purity levels and corresponding applications
Table 15. Comparison of different oxygen storage mediums
Table 16. Global production and consumption of industrial oxygen by region-2020-2035 (million metric tons)
Table 17. Current and projected annual production of industrial oxygen, by purity, 2019-2035 (million metric tons)
Table 18. Global industrial oxygen production from 2019-2035 by industrial application area (million metric tons)
Table 19. Global annual production of industrial oxygen, by production costs, 2019-2035 (million metric tons)
Table 20. Pricing matrix for commercial oxygen based on purity level and industrial application
Table 21. 27 NSF/ANSI Standard 60 Certified suppliers and locations
Table 22. Major Global Helium Production Sites
Table 23. Global Helium Production Capacity (2005-2023)
Table 24. Forecast for Yearly Global Helium Production Capacity (2020-2035)
Table 25. Global helium market by applications 2020-3035
Table 26. Comparison of Helium Production Capacity and Demand Forecast (2024-2035)
Table 27. Demand Trends in Semiconductor Industry
Table 28. Historical Price Trends
Table 29. Comparison of Helium Separation Technologies
Table 30. Technology Readiness of Helium Reclamation in Key Markets
Table 31. Global Nitrogen Market 2020-2035, By Form
Table 32. Global Nitrogen Market 2020-2035, By Grade (High Purity, Ultra-High Purity, Standard)
Table 33. Global Nitrogen Market 2020-2035, By End-use Industry
Table 34. Global Nitrogen Market 2020-2035, By Production Method
Table 35. Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions
Table 36. National hydrogen initiatives
Table 37. Industrial applications of hydrogen
Table 38. Hydrogen energy markets and applications
Table 39. Hydrogen production processes and stage of development
Table 40. Estimated costs of clean hydrogen production
Table 41. Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies
Table 42. Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies
Table 43. Market players in green hydrogen (electrolyzers)
Table 44. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) of main production technologies for blue hydrogen
Table 45. Key players in methane pyrolysis
Table 46. Commercial coal gasifier technologies
Table 47. Blue hydrogen projects using CG
Table 48. Biomass processes summary, process description and TRL
Table 49. Pathways for hydrogen production from biomass
Table 50. Market players in pink hydrogen
Table 51. Market players in turquoise hydrogen
Table 52. Market overview hydrogen fuel cells-applications, market players and market challenges
Table 53. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
Table 54. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
Table 55. Classification of biomass feedstock
Table 56. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 57. Feedstock conversion pathways
Table 58. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 59. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 60. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel
Table 61. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 62. Overview of e-fuels
Table 63. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 64. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 65. Market overview for hydrogen vehicles-applications, market players and market challenges
Table 66. Blue ammonia projects
Table 67. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 68. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 69. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 70. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 71. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 72. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies
Table 73. Comparison of green steel production technologies
Table 74. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier
Table 75. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
Table 76. CO2 capture technologies
Table 77. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
Table 78. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
Table 79. Comparison of CO2 capture technologies
Table 80. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies
Table 81. PSCC technologies
Table 82. Point source examples
Table 83. Comparison of point-source CO2 capture systems
Table 84. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 85. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
Table 86. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems
Table 87. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
Table 88.Comparison of key physical absorption solvents
Table 89.Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
Table 90.Emerging solvents for carbon capture
Table 91. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion
Table 92. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
Table 93. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
Table 94. Main capture processes and their separation technologies
Table 95. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 96. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption
Table 97. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 98. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture
Table 99. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO2 capture
Table 100. Polymer-based adsorbents
Table 101. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture
Table 102. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems
Table 103. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 104. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS
Table 105.Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture
Table 106. Membranes for pre-combustion capture
Table 107. Status of cryogenic CO2 capture technologies
Table 108. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture
Table 109. Comparison of main separation technologies
Table 110. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
Table 111. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
Table 112. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
Table 113. DAC technologies
Table 114. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 115. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy
Table 116. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 117. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 118. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 119. DAC companies and technologies
Table 120. DAC technology developers and production
Table 121. DAC projects in development
Table 122. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO2 per year), 2024-2045, base case
Table 123. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO2 per year), 2030-2045, optimistic case
Table 124. Costs summary for DAC
Table 125. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system
Table 126. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 127. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 128. DAC companies and technologies
Table 129. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 endpoint, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
Table 130. Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa
Table 131. CCUS revenue potential for captured CO2 offtaker, billion US $ to 2045
Table 132. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
Table 133. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 source sector, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
Table 134. Argon Market 2020-2035, By Form
Table 135. Argon Market 2020-2035, By Grade
Table 136. Argon Market 2020-2035, By End-use Industry
Table 137. Argon Market 2020-2035, By Production Method
Table 138. Argon Price Forecast (2026-2035)
Table 139. Summary of markets for other specialty gases

Figure 1.Global Industrial Gas Market Size, by Gas Type (2015-2035)
Figure 2. Global Industrial Gas Market Size, by End-Use Industry (2015-2035)
Figure 3. Industrial Gas Market Size, by Supply Mode (2015-2035)
Figure 4. North America Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Figure 5. Europe Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Figure 6. Asia-Pacific Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Figure 7. Latin America Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Figure 8. Middle East and Africa Industrial Gas Market Size, by Type (2015-2035)
Figure 9. Global production and consumption of industrial oxygen by region-2020-2035 (million metric tons)
Figure 10. Current and projected annual production of industrial oxygen, by purity, 2019-2035 (million metric tons)
Figure 11. Global industrial oxygen production from 2019-2035 by industrial application area (million metric tons)
Figure 12. Global annual production of industrial oxygen, by production costs, 2019-2035 (million metric tons)
Figure 13. Industrial Oxygen Market Value Chain
Figure 14. Forecast for Yearly Global Helium Production Capacity (2020-2035)
Figure 15. Global helium market by applications 2020-3035
Figure 16. Comparison of Helium Production Capacity and Demand Forecast (2024-2035)
Figure 17. Global Nitrogen Market 2020-2035, By Form
Figure 18. Global Nitrogen Market 2020-2035, By Grade (High Purity, Ultra-High Purity, Standard)
Figure 19. Global Nitrogen Market 2020-2035, By End-use Industry
Figure 20. Global Nitrogen Market 2020-2035, By Production Method
Figure 21. Hydrogen value chain
Figure 22. Current Annual H2 Production
Figure 23. Principle of a PEM electrolyser
Figure 24. Power-to-gas concept
Figure 25. Schematic of a fuel cell stack
Figure 26. High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW
Figure 27. SWOT analysis: green hydrogen
Figure 28. Types of electrolysis technologies
Figure 29. Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle
Figure 30. Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle
Figure 31. Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle
Figure 32. SWOT analysis: blue hydrogen
Figure 33. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS)
Figure 34. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant
Figure 35. POX process flow diagram
Figure 36. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR
Figure 37. HiiROC’s methane pyrolysis reactor
Figure 38. Coal gasification (CG) process
Figure 39. Flow diagram of Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG)
Figure 40. Pink hydrogen Production Pathway
Figure 41. SWOT analysis: pink hydrogen
Figure 42. Turquoise hydrogen Production Pathway
Figure 43. SWOT analysis: turquoise hydrogen
Figure 44. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 45. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 46. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 47. E-liquids production routes
Figure 48. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 49. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 50. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
Figure 51. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
Figure 52. Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV
Figure 53. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 54. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 55. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 56. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 57. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 58. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 59. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 60. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 61. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 62. Transition to hydrogen-based production
Figure 63. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel)
Figure 64. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
Figure 65. Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1
Figure 66. PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive
Figure 67. Global hydrogen demand forecast
Figure 68. Carbon emissions by sector
Figure 69. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 70. CCUS business model
Figure 71. Pathways for CO2 use
Figure 72. A pre-combustion capture system
Figure 73. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
Figure 74. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
Figure 75. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
Figure 76. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 77. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities
Figure 78. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2023
Figure 79. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2040
Figure 80. Post-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 81. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
Figure 82. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 83. Process schematic of chemical looping
Figure 84. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
Figure 85. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 86. Amine-based absorption technology
Figure 87. Pressure swing absorption technology
Figure 88. Membrane separation technology
Figure 89. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation
Figure 90. Cryocap™ process
Figure 91. Calix advanced calcination reactor
Figure 92. LEILAC process
Figure 93. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram
Figure 94. Microalgal carbon capture
Figure 95. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
Figure 96. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 97. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
Figure 98. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods
Figure 99. DAC technologies
Figure 100. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 101. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 102. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 103. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 104. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Figure 105. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
Figure 106. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 107. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 108. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 109. Argon Market 2020-2035, By Form
Figure 110. Argon Market 2020-2035, By Grade
Figure 111. Argon Market 2020-2035, By End-use Industry
Figure 112. Argon Market 2020-2035, By Production Method
Figure 113. Symbiotic™ technology process
Figure 114. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell
Figure 115. HyCS® technology system
Figure 116. Fuel cell module FCwave™
Figure 117. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 118. CRI process
Figure 119. Croft system
Figure 120. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 121. Domsjö process
Figure 122. EH Fuel Cell Stack
Figure 123. Direct MCH® process
Figure 124. Electriq's dehydrogenation system
Figure 125. Endua Power Bank
Figure 126. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser
Figure 127. Enapter - Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis
Figure 128. Hyundai Class 8 truck fuels at a First Element high capacity mobile refueler
Figure 129. FuelPositive system
Figure 130. Using electricity from solar power to produce green hydrogen
Figure 131. Hydrogen Storage Module
Figure 132. Plug And Play Stationery Storage Units
Figure 133. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process
Figure 134. Hystar PEM electrolyser
Figure 135. KEYOU-H2-Technology
Figure 136. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 137. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 138. CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel range hydrocarbons process
Figure 139. The Plagazi ® process
Figure 140. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Figure 141. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 142. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
Figure 143. Tevva hydrogen truck
Figure 144. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology
Figure 145. O12 Reactor
Figure 146. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 147. CO2 made car part
Figure 148. The Velocys process
Figure 149. Air Products production process
Figure 150. Aker carbon capture system
Figure 151. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor
Figure 152. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
Figure 153. Aspiring Materials method
Figure 154. Aymium’s Biocarbon production
Figure 155. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
Figure 156. Carbonminer technology
Figure 157. Carbon Blade system
Figure 158. CarbonCure Technology
Figure 159. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 160. CRI process
Figure 161. PCCSD Project in China
Figure 162. Orca facility
Figure 163. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant
Figure 164. Colyser process
Figure 165. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 166. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 167. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture
Figure 168. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology
Figure 169. Carbon Capture balloon
Figure 170. Holy Grail DAC system
Figure 171. INERATEC unit
Figure 172. Infinitree swing method
Figure 173. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 174. Made of Air's HexChar panels
Figure 175. Mosaic Materials MOFs
Figure 176. Neustark modular plant
Figure 177. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 178. ZerCaL™ process
Figure 179. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field
Figure 180. RepAir technology
Figure 181. Soletair Power unit
Figure 182. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 183. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
Figure 184. Takavator
Figure 185. O12 Reactor
Figure 186. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 187. CO2 made car part
Figure 188. Molecular sieving membrane