The rapid convergence of technology and biology heralds a new era of evolution in the Internet of Things (IoT), a transformative force enabling interconnected devices to communicate and operate with unparalleled synergy. This is particularly true in the groundbreaking field of bioelectronics, where the fusion of biological systems with electronic devices and IoT is reshaping the landscape of bioelectronics, promising to open up new frontiers in healthcare, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.
This timely book explores the numerous ways in which IoT-enabled bioelectronic devices are used to monitor and enhance human health, from wearable sensors that track vital signs to implantable devices that can communicate with healthcare providers in real time. One central theme of this book is the transformative impact of IoT on healthcare. By enabling continuous, remote monitoring of patients, IoT technologies are not only improving the accuracy of diagnostics but also making healthcare more accessible and personalized. The book also addresses the critical issues of securing health records on the internet, which are of paramount importance as we increasingly rely on interconnected devices to collect and transmit sensitive health information. Additional attention is paid to the future directions of IoT in bioelectronics and the integration of innovative areas, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, in driving the development of ever more sophisticated and capable bioelectronic systems.
Audience
The target audience includes professionals, researchers, academics, and students involved in various fields related to bioelectronics, IoT, healthcare, biotechnology, engineering, and related disciplines.
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgement xv
1 IoT-Based Implant Devices in Humans/Animals for Therapeutic Reasons 1
Chetankumar Kalaskar
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Application of IoT in Implantable Insulin Pumps 3
1.3 Application of IoT in Implantable Heart Monitors 4
1.4 Application of IoT in Implantable Nerve Stimulators 5
1.5 Application of IoT in Implantable Drug Delivery Systems 6
1.6 Application of IoT in Implantable Brain-Computer Interfaces 6
1.7 Application of IoT in Implantable Biosensors 7
1.8 IoT Revolutionizing Healthcare Devices: A Comparative Analysis of IoT-Based Implants vs. Conventional Medical Devices 7
1.9 Challenges in Therapeutic Implant Devices for Humans and Animals 11
1.10 Future Prospects 15
References 16
2 IoT and Nano-Bioelectronics for Target Drug Delivery 17
Ambikesh Soni, Pratiksha Singh, Gagan Kant Tripathi and Priyanka Dixit
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Literature Study 18
2.2.1 Internet of Things 18
2.2.2 Nanobioelectronics 19
2.2.2.1 Scanning Beam Lithography 20
2.2.2.2 Jet Printing 20
2.2.2.3 AFM Nano Printing 23
2.3 Principles of Targeted Drug Delivery 23
2.3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery 24
2.3.2 Carriers for the Targeted Drug Delivery 27
2.4 Methodology 28
2.5 Smart Portable Intensive Care Unit 29
2.6 Applications of Targeted Drug Delivery 30
2.7 Applications of IoT and Nanobioelectronics 31
2.8 Use of IoT to Improve Drug Delivery System 33
2.8.1 Examples of IoT-Based Drug Delivery Systems 34
2.8.2 Role of IoT and Nanobioelectronics in Targeted Drug Delivery 34
2.9 Challenges 35
2.10 Conclusion 36
Relevance of Work 37
References 38
3 Healthcare and Hygiene Monitoring Using Internet of Things (IoT) Enabled Technology 41
J. Sandhya and Lakshmi Sandeep
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 IoT in Healthcare Applications 45
3.3 IoT Accelerating the Integration of Healthcare and Hygiene for Medical Applications 56
3.4 Challenges in IoT Enabled Healthcare 59
3.4.1 Data Security, Privacy and Quality 59
3.4.2 Device Compatibility and Integration of Standards and Protocols 60
3.4.3 Data Overload and Performance 60
3.4.4 Infrastructure Requirements for Data Service 61
3.4.5 Regulation and Legislation 61
3.4.6 Public Perception and Awareness 61
3.5 Conclusion 62
References 63
4 Self-Powered, Flexible, and Wearable Piezoelectric Nanocomposite Tactile Sensors with IoT for Physical Activity Monitoring 69
Arjun Hari M. and Lintu Rajan
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 PVDF-Based Nanocomposites for Tactile Sensing 73
4.3 Internet of Things (IoT) for Health Care: System Architecture 75
4.4 Experiments 76
4.4.1 Sensor Film Fabrication 76
4.5 Results and Discussion 79
4.6 Conclusion 84
References 84
5 Securing Electronic Health Records (EHRS) in Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Cloud Networking Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) with ECIES Algorithm 89
J. Shyamala Devi and Selvanayaki Kolandapalayam Shanmugam
5.1 Introduction 90
5.1.1 Terms Used in Literature 91
5.2 E-Records in Healthcare 92
5.3 Why Do We Need EHR? And Why Now? 93
5.4 Securing EHR in IoT-Based Cloud Networking 94
5.5 Role of IoT in Electronic Health Records 95
5.6 EHR Encryption at Different Levels 95
5.6.1 Encryption Methods 96
5.7 Elliptic Curve Cryptography 97
5.7.1 Cryptography Basics 97
5.7.1.1 Types of Cryptography 97
5.7.2 Key Generation Steps 99
5.7.3 Message Encryption and Decryption 99
5.7.3.1 Math Involved in Decryption 100
5.8 Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) 102
5.9 Conclusion 105
References 105
6 2D Photonic Crystal Nano Biosensor with IoT Intelligence 107
Balaji V. R., Jesuwanth Sugesh R. G., Sreevani N.R.G., Shanmuga Sundar Dhanabalan, T. Sridarshini and Gopalkrishna Hegde
6.1 Introduction 108
6.1.1 Structural Parameter 109
6.1.2 Performance Parameters of Sensor 114
6.1.3 Sensing and Detection Mechanism 116
6.2 Photonic Crystal Biosensor 117
6.2.1 Highlights of PC Biosensors 117
6.2.2 IoT-Enabled 2D PC Biosensor 117
6.2.3 PC Block Diagram 118
6.2.3.1 Biosensor for Cancerous Cell Detection 119
6.2.3.2 Biosensor for Blood Components Detection 120
6.2.3.3 Biosensor for Chikungunya Virus Detection 120
6.2.3.4 Biosensor for Glucose Monitoring 121
6.2.3.5 Biosensor for Glucose Concentration in Urine 121
6.2.3.6 Biosensor for Abnormal Tissues Analysis Detection 121
6.2.3.7 Biosensor for DNA Detection 122
6.3 Inference and Future Enhancements 122
Conclusion 123
References 123
7 Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring 125
Boopathi Raja G., Parimala Devi M., Deepa R., Sathya T. and Nithya S.
7.1 Introduction 126
7.2 Related Works 126
7.3 Proposed Framework Design 129
7.4 Implementation of Hardware Module 132
7.4.1 Required Hardware Components 132
7.5 Implementation of Prototype 136
7.6 Results and Discussion 138
7.7 Conclusion 141
References 141
8 Pioneering Implantable IoT: A New Era of Precision Medicine for Humans and Animals Unveiling the Future of Medicine Through Implantable Technology 145
Md. Afroz, Emmanuel Nyakwende and Birendra Goswami
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 IoT Implanted Devices 151
8.3 Monitoring and Tracking Implants 153
8.4 Therapeutic Implants 155
8.5 Communication Protocols 156
8.6 Power and Energy Harvesting 157
8.7 Data Security 158
8.8 Future Scope and Challenges 160
8.9 Biomaterials 163
8.10 Conclusion 164
References 167
9 Enhancing Patient Safety and Efficiency in Intravenous Therapy: A Comprehensive Analysis of Smart Infusion Monitoring Systems 171
Krishna Sreekumar, T. Punitha Reddy and Boppuru Rudra Prathap
9.1 Introduction 172
9.2 Smart Intravenous Therapy: Enhancing Patient Safety 174
9.3 Related Works 175
9.4 Observations and Results 192
9.5 Conclusion 196
Data Availability 197
Conflict of Interest 197
Funding 197
References 198
10 Portable IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare and Remote Health Monitoring - Abnormality Detection through Personalized Vital Health Signs Using Smart Bio Devices 201
Poorani Marimuthu, C. Christlin Shanuja and Aparna N.
10.1 Introduction 202
10.2 Literature Survey 205
10.3 Role of Portable Smart Wearable Devices in Remote Health Monitoring 209
10.4 Case Study 210
10.4.1 Activity Recognition 211
10.4.2 Abnormality Detection 211
10.4.3 Results and Discussion 214
10.4.4 Alert Generation 214
10.5 Research Challenges and Future Scope 215
10.6 Conclusion 216
References 216
Technical Terms Related to the Literature Work 218
11 Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Diagnosis for Bioelectronic Systems in IoT 219
Yogeesh N.
11.1 Introduction 220
11.1.1 Overview of Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems 220
11.1.2 Role of Fuzzy Logic in Fault Diagnosis 220
11.1.3 Motivation for Using Fuzzy Logic in Fault Diagnosis for IoT Applications 221
11.2 Fuzzy Logic Theory for Fault Diagnosis 222
11.2.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Theory 222
11.2.2 Fuzzy Sets and Membership Functions 224
11.2.3 Methods for Inference and Fuzzy Rules 225
11.2.4 Techniques for Defuzzification 226
11.2.5 Fuzzy Reasoning for Fault Diagnosis 227
11.3 A Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach to Fault Diagnosis 228
11.3.1 Overview of the Fuzzy Logic-Based Method to Fault Diagnostics 228
11.3.2 Sensor Data Collection and System Modelling 230
11.3.3 Design and Optimization of Fuzzy Rule Bases 230
11.3.4 Fuzzy Inference System Implementation 231
11.3.5 Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Detection and Categorization 232
11.4 Case Studies and Examples 233
11.4.1 Fault Diagnosis in Pacemakers Using Fuzzy Logic 233
11.4.2 Fault Detection Using Fuzzy Logic in Implanted Glucose Sensors 237
11.4.3 Fault Diagnosis in Wearable Biosensors Using Fuzzy Logic 240
11.5 Advantages and Limitations 243
11.5.1 Advantages of Using Fuzzy Logic for Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems 243
11.5.2 Fault Detection Using Fuzzy Logic has Limitations and Difficulties 244
11.6 Conclusion 245
11.6.1 Summary of Key Points 245
11.6.2 Future Research Directions for Fuzzy Logic-Based Fault Diagnosis in Bioelectronic Systems in IoT 246
References 248
12 Portable and Automated Healthcare Platform Integrated with IoT Technology 251
Preetham Noel P. and Kishorekumar R.
12.1 Introduction 251
12.1.1 Smart Healthcare Monitoring - Making Medical Output More Precise and Intelligent 252
12.1.2 Novel Smart Healthcare - Machine Learning and IoT 253
12.1.3 IoT-Based Healthcare Monitoring with Edge-Envisioning 254
12.1.4 Safeguarding IoT Communications 255
12.2 Applications of IoT 256
12.2.1 Glucose Sensors 256
12.2.2 m-IoT Based Non-Intrusive Glucometer 257
12.2.3 Blood Pressure Sensor 257
12.2.4 Face Recognition 258
12.3 Further Scope and Implementation 259
12.4 Conclusion 260
References 260
13 Portable IoT Devices in Healthcare for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics 263
Sindhu Rajendran, Aryan Porwal, Kumari Anjali, Anvaya and Anuradha R. J.
13.1 Introduction 264
13.1.1 Necessity of Remote Health Monitoring 264
13.1.2 Use of Telemedical Facility 266
13.1.3 Statistics of Countries Using Remote Health Monitoring System 267
13.1.4 Role of IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare 270
13.2 IoT Smart Devices in Healthcare 272
13.2.1 Evolution of IoT Devices Across the World 273
13.2.2 Current Landscape 276
13.3 Need for Portable IoT Smart Devices 278
13.3.1 Global Usage of Portable IoT Smart Devices 279
13.4 Introduction to Portable Labs 283
13.4.1 Advantages of Portable Labs 284
13.4.2 Perspective of Portable Labs in India 285
13.4.2.1 Insights of Portable Labs in India 286
13.4.2.2 Case Study 288
13.5 Prospects for Portable Labs Globally in the Future 290
13.6 Future Scope 292
13.7 Conclusion 293
References 294
14 IoT-Enabled Analysis of COVID Data: Unveiling Insights from Temperature, Pulse Rate, and Oxygen Measurements 297
Justin John, Kukatlapalli Pradeep Kumar and Hari Murthy
14.1 Introduction 298
14.2 Literature 299
14.2.1 Temperature 299
14.2.2 Pulse Rate Monitoring 299
14.2.3 Oxygen Measurement in COVID-19 300
14.2.4 Dataset Details 300
14.2.5 Analysis and Research Opportunities 300
14.3 Methodology 301
14.4 Results and Discussion 302
14.4.1 Statistical Tests 306
14.4.2 Crosstabs 307
14.5 Conclusion 309
References 310
Index 311
