Now in its fourth edition, this text provides the most current introduction to a field that is becoming ever more critical as climate change begins to threaten water supplies around the world. As geography, climate, population growth, and technology collide, effective resource management must include a comprehensive understanding of how these forces intermingle and come to life in the water so critical to us all.
Table of Contents
About The Author iv
Preface v
Book Companion Website xiv
INTRODUCTION
Emerging Water Issues And Challenges 1
Global Water Issues 1
Population 1
Lack of Wastewater Treatment 1
Environmental Degradation 1
Climate Change 2
Global Water Efforts 2
Drinking Water Quality 2
Water Conservation 3
Groundwater Recharge 4
Dam Construction 4
Desalination 5
Food for Thought 6
Scenario 1: “Business as Usual” 6
Scenario 2: “Technology Saves the Day” 6
Scenario 3: “Global Warming Floods the World” 7
Scenario 4: “Space Is the Answer” 7
What Can I Do? 7
CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF WATER USE AND DEVELOPMENT 9
Drinking Water for Early Civilizations 9
Early Irrigation and Flood-Control Projects 14
Egypt 14
China 14
The Middle East 17
India, Spain, Portugal, and South America 17
North America 18
Early Water Transportation Development 21
Egypt and Greece 21
China 21
Europe 21
The United States 23
Early Hydropower Development 25
CHAPTER 2 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, CLIMATE, AND WEATHER 30
The Properties of Water 30
The Hydrologic Cycle 32
Precipitation 32
Measuring Precipitation 35
Runoff 38
Surface and Groundwater Storage 38
Lakes and Reservoirs 38
CASE STUDY The Aral Sea of Uzbekistan 40
Wetlands 41
Groundwater 41
Evaporation, Transpiration, and Consumptive Use 42
Condensation 45
GUEST ESSAY Fog Harvesting by Dr. Robert S. Schemenauer 45
Climate and Weather 48
Overview 48
Climate 48
Air Currents 49
Ocean Currents 49
Tilt of the Earth’s Axis 52
Monitoring Climate Change 52
Urban Microclimates 53
GUEST ESSAY Urbanization and Its Effects on Key Atmospheric and Surface Water Cycles by Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd 53
Weather 56
Temperature 56
Air Pressure 57
Humidity 58
Heating 59
Wind Speed and Direction 62
Weather Modification 62
Floods 64
Drought 66
CHAPTER 3 SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY 72
What Is Surface Water Hydrology? 72
Watersheds 73
Delineating A Watershed 74
Overland Flow 76
Rivers 76
Components of a River 76
River Morphology 77
Types of Rivers 80
Gradient 80
Lakes 81
Types of Lakes 81
Ecological Zones 82
Thermal Cycles 82
Seiches 83
Wetlands 84
Surface Water Measurement 85
Overland Flow 85
Expert Analysis 85
River Discharge 85
Water Storage in Lakes and Reservoirs 89
Flood Events 90
Flood Frequency 91
Probable Maximum Precipitation 91
Probable Maximum Flood 91
Transport and Deposition 92
Velocity 93
Sediment Load 94
CHAPTER 4 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY 98
What Is Groundwater? 99
What Is Groundwater Hydrology? 100
The Geology of Groundwater 101
GUEST ESSAY Sinkholes by Carlos Herd 102
Glaciated Terrain 104
Alluvial Valleys 107
Tectonic Activity 107
Groundwater Recharge 107
Aquifers 109
Aquifer Types 109
Properties of Aquifers 113
Groundwater Movement and Discharge 115
Age of Groundwater 119
Locating and Mapping Groundwater 120
GUEST ESSAY Measuring Groundwater by Kevin Donegan 122
Constructing a Groundwater Well 124
Streamflow Depletion by Wells 126
Groundwater and Climate Change 128
GUEST ESSAY Seawater Intrusion by Dr. Adrian D. Werner 129
CHAPTER 5 WATER QUALITY 133
Water Pollution 133
Point Source and Nonpoint Source Pollution 134
Point Source Pollution 135
Nonpoint Source Pollution 137
Basic Parameters of Water Quality 138
Temperature 138
Dissolved Oxygen 139
pH 139
Turbidity 140
Hardness 141
Inorganic Chemicals 142
Metals 142
Lead 142
Arsenic 143
Minerals 144
Salt 144
Fluoride 146
Selenium 147
Organic Chemicals 147
Natural Organic Chemicals 147
Synthetic Organic Compounds 147
Pesticides 148
Pharmaceuticals 150
Microbeads 150
Nutrients 150
Nitrogen 150
Phosphorus 151
The Nitrogen Cycle 152
Nitrogen Fixation 152
Mineralization/Ammonification 153
Nitrification 153
Denitrification 153
The Phosphorus Cycle 153
Eutrophication 154
Waterborne Diseases 154
Historical Problems 154
Microorganisms 155
Indicator Organisms 156
Other Waterborne Organisms 156
Water Quality Management 158
Fate and Transport 158
Fate and Transport in Surface Water 158
Fate and Transport in Groundwater 159
Wellhead Protection Programs 159
Watershed Protection Programs 160
Total Maximum Daily Loads 161
GUEST ESSAY Lake Okeechobee TMDLs by Dr. David Radcliffe and Dr. Todd Rasmussen 161
Water Sampling 163
CHAPTER 6 MUNICIPAL AND IRRIGATION WATER DEVELOPMENT 169
Municipal Water Systems 170
CASE STUDY Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Los Angeles, California 170
CASE STUDY Lincoln Water System Lincoln, Nebraska 176
CASE STUDY New York City Department of Environmental Protection New York, New York 178
GUEST ESSAY Construction of City Tunnel #3 by Eileen M. Schnock 181
Agricultural Crop Irrigation 186
Historical Perspective 186
The Need for Irrigation 186
Irrigation Techniques 187
Gravity Irrigation 190
Sprinkler Irrigation 194
Drip Irrigation 197
CHAPTER 7 DAMS 201
Dam Basics 201
Purposes of Dams 201
Components of Dams 203
Types of Dams 204
Dam Operations and Construction 205
CASE STUDY Hoover Dam and Lake Mead, Nevada/Arizona 206
CASE STUDY Kingsley Dam and Lake McConaughy, Nebraska 210
CASE STUDY Grand Coulee Dam and Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Washington State 214
Environmental Impacts of Dams 216
GUEST ESSAY Forced Urbanization: The Three Gorges Dam Relocation Process by Colin Flahive 218
Dams and Locks for Navigation 221
GUEST ESSAY Navigation on the Tennessee River by Ted Nelson 223
CHAPTER 8 WATER ALLOCATION LAW 228
Ancient Water Allocation Law 229
Code of Hammurabi 229
Justinian Code 229
Ancient Riparian Doctrine 230
Water Allocation Law: 1200-1799 231
Spanish Water Law 231
First Possession 233
English Common Law: 1200-1799 233
Mill Acts of the Eastern United States 234
Water Allocation Law: 1800-1847 236
Code Napoléon 236
Riparian Doctrine: 1800-1847 236
Tyler v. Wilkinson 237
Water Allocation Law in the Western United States: 1800-1847 238
Water Allocation Law: 1848-1899 240
Riparian Doctrine 240
Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1848-1899 240
The California Gold Rush 242
The Colorado Gold Rush 245
Water Allocation Law: 1900-Present 249
Riparian Doctrine 249
Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1900-Present 251
Interstate River Compacts 254
Selected River Compacts 254
Colorado River Compact of 1922 254
Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty of 1950 257
Delaware River Compact of 1961 258
International Water Treaties 259
Groundwater Allocation Law 259
Historical Perspective 259
Role of the Federal Government 260
Legal Properties of Groundwater 260
Federal Reserved Water Rights 262
CHAPTER 9 FEDERAL WATER AGENCIES 266
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) 267
Overview 267
Brief History and Duties 267
Navigation Duties 268
Flood-Control Duties 270
Wetlands Protection Duties 275
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) 276
Overview 276
Brief History 277
National Irrigation Congresses 278
The Reclamation Act of 1902 279
The Anti-Dam Construction Era 280
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 282
Overview 282
Brief History 283
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 286
Overview 286
Brief History 286
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 289
Overview 289
Brief History 289
National Park Service (NPS) 291
Overview 291
Brief History 291
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 293
Overview 293
Brief History 293
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) 294
Overview 294
Brief History 294
U.S. Forest Service (USFS) 294
Overview 294
Brief History 295
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 296
Overview and Brief History 296
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) 297
Overview and Brief History 297
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 297
Overview and Brief History 297
Careers 300
GUEST ESSAY The Career Tree by Courtney Black 300
CHAPTER 10 LOCAL, REGIONAL, STATE, AND MULTISTATE WATER
MANAGEMENT AGENCIES 306
Local Water Agencies 306
Municipal Water Departments 306
Historical Overview 306
Water and Sewer Districts 308
Overview 308
EXAMPLE Highline Water District, Kent, Washington 309
Levee and Flood-Control Districts 309
Historical Overview 309
Levee Districts 310
Flood-Control Districts 312
EXAMPLE Pima County Regional Flood Control District, Tucson, Arizona 312
Mutual Ditch and Irrigation Companies 313
Regional Water Agencies 314
Overview 314
Irrigation Districts 315
EXAMPLE Farwell Irrigation District, Farwell, Nebraska 315
Conservancy/Conservation Districts 316
EXAMPLE Miami Conservancy District, Dayton, Ohio 316
Natural Resources Districts - Nebraska 317
EXAMPLE Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, Omaha, Nebraska 318
Groundwater Management Districts - Kansas 318
EXAMPLE Northwest Kansas Groundwater Management District No. 4, Colby, Kansas 319
Water Management Districts - Florida 319
State Water Agencies 321
State of Arizona Water Agencies 321
State of Rhode Island Water Agencies 322
Multistate Water Agencies 323
Chesapeake Bay Commission 323
Tribal and First Peoples Water Issues 323
Water Management in Mexico and Canada 324
Overview 324
GUEST ESSAY Water Management in Mexico by Dr. Alvaro A. Aldama 324
GUEST ESSAY Water Management in Canada by Dr. Sandra Smith 329
CHAPTER 11 DRINKING-WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT 334
Introduction 334
Historical Perspective on Drinking-Water Treatment 334
Modern Day Drinking-Water Sources 338
GUEST ESSAY Borehole water contaminants and its implication on health on the rural communities of Malawi, Africa by J. B. Chimphamba 338
Desalination 345
GUEST ESSAY Review of Advances in Science and Engineering for Brackish Water and Seawater Desalination Technologies by Dr. Fares Howari 347
Federal Protection of Drinking Water in the United States 350
Drinking-Water Treatment Processes 352
Protection of Water Quality 352
Intakes for Raw Water 352
CASE STUDY Department of Water Management, City of Chicago, Illinois 353
Pretreatment of Drinking Water 355
Flocculation/Coagulation 355
Filtration 356
CASE STUDY Sewerage and Water Board, City of New Orleans, Louisiana 356
Final Drinking-Water Treatment 358
Distribution Systems 358
GUEST ESSAY BUAP Drinking Water Fountains by Vladimir Escalante-Pozos 359
Historical Perspective on Wastewater Treatment 361
Wastewater Treatment Processes 364
Primary Treatment 364
Secondary Treatment 365
Tertiary Treatment 366
Nutrient Removal 366
Septic Tanks and Leach Fields 367
Wetlands and Water Treatment 367
CHAPTER 12 WATER, FISH AND WILDLIFE 371
Early Fish and Wildlife Protection 371
Fish and Wildlife Protection in the 20th Century 372
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 373
National Environmental Policy Act 374
Endangered Species Act 377
Wetlands and Wildlife 379
CASE STUDY Snail Darters and the Little Tennessee River 383
CASE STUDY Whooping Cranes and the Platte River 386
CASE STUDY Salmon and the Columbia River 390
Human-Environment Relationship 395
GUEST ESSAY By Dr. Milada Matouskova,
An Example of Water Ecosystem Restoration and Its Influence on Flood Protection in the Czech Republic 396
GUEST ESSAY Careers in Fish and Wildlife Management by Larry Rogstad 400
CHAPTER 13 THE ECONOMICS OF WATER 405
Introduction 405
The Value of Water 406
GUEST ESSAY Ecosystem-based water management in India in a climate constrained world by Dr. Prakash Rao 407
Water as A Public Versus A Private Good 410
Privatization 410
Water Affordability 412
Water Marketing 414
Surface Water Marketing 414
Groundwater Marketing 416
Water Banking 418
Pollution Fees and Credits 418
The Water-Energy Nexus 419
The Triple Bottom Line 419
GUEST ESSAY Dr. Sarah Wolfe Guest Essay - Water: A Wicked Problem by Dr. Sarah Wolfe 420
CHAPTER 14 WICKED WATER PROBLEMS 424
Reasons for Water Use Conflicts 424
Texas 426
GUEST ESSAY Water Planning in Texas by Connie Townsend, P.E. 427
Alabama and Florida Versus Georgia 431
Northern and Southern California 435
Canada 437
The Middle East 438
Religious/Political Background 438
Water Resources in the Middle East 440
West Bank Mountain Aquifer 440
Jordan River 440
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 442
Tragedy of the Commons 443
GUEST ESSAY Transboundary Water Management in Norway and the Nordic Countries by Julie Gjørtz Howden 444
CHAPTER 15 THE NEED FOR COOPERATION 449
The Human Factor 449
Ethics 450
The Power of the Individual 451
What Can I Do To Make A Difference? 452
REFERENCES 453
APPENDIX A
Reading Topographic Maps 470
Selected Environmental and Conservation Organizations 471
Ducks Unlimited 471
Environmental Defense Fund 471
National Audubon Society 471
National Wildlife Federation 472
Nature Conservancy 473
Natural Resources Defense Council 473
Sierra Club 473
Trout Unlimited 473
Wilderness Society 473
APPENDIX B
Guest Essay References 475
Illustration And Text Credits 479
Glossary 480
Index 492
