The Global Market for Biofuels and EFuels 2025-2035

2.1 Decarbonization
2.2 Comparison to fossil fuels
2.3 Role in the circular economy
2.4 Government policies
2.5 Market drivers
2.6 Market challenges
2.7 Liquid biofuels market
2.7.1 Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2022
2.7.2 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production
2.8 Sustainability of biofuels

4.1 Overview
4.2 The global biofuels market
4.2.1 Diesel substitutes and alternatives
4.2.2 Gasoline substitutes and alternatives
4.3 SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
4.4 Comparison of biofuel costs 2024, by type
4.5 Types
4.5.1 Solid Biofuels
4.5.2 Liquid Biofuels
4.5.3 Gaseous Biofuels
4.5.4 Conventional Biofuels
4.5.5 Advanced Biofuels
4.6 Refineries
4.7 Feedstocks
4.7.1 First-generation (1-G)
4.7.2 Second-generation (2-G)
4.7.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.7.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
4.7.3 Third-generation (3-G)
4.7.3.1 Algal biofuels
4.7.3.1.1 Properties
4.7.3.1.2 Advantages
4.7.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)
4.7.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
4.7.6 Energy crops
4.7.6.1 Feedstocks
4.7.6.2 SWOT analysis
4.7.7 Agricultural residues
4.7.7.1 Feedstocks
4.7.7.2 SWOT analysis
4.7.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
4.7.8.1 Processing pathways
4.7.8.2 SWOT analysis
4.7.9 Forestry and wood waste
4.7.9.1 Feedstocks
4.7.9.2 SWOT analysis
4.7.10 Feedstock costs

5.1 Biodiesel
5.1.1 Biodiesel by generation
5.1.2 SWOT analysis
5.1.3 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
5.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
5.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
5.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
5.1.3.3.1 Production process
5.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
5.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
5.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
5.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
5.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
5.1.4 Biodiesel Projects
5.1.5 Recent market developments 2023-2024
5.1.6 Prices
5.1.7 Companies
5.1.8 Global consumption
5.2 Renewable diesel
5.2.1 Production
5.2.2 SWOT analysis
5.2.3 Global consumption
5.2.4 Prices
5.3 Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
5.3.1 Description
5.3.2 Recent market developments
5.3.3 SWOT analysis
5.3.4 Global production and consumption
5.3.5 Production pathways
5.3.6 Prices
5.3.7 Sustainable aviation fuel production capacities
5.3.8 Challenges
5.3.9 Companies
5.3.10 Global consumption
5.4 Bio-naphtha
5.4.1 Overview
5.4.2 SWOT analysis
5.4.3 Markets and applications
5.4.4 Prices
5.4.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
5.4.6 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned

6.1 Biomethanol
6.1.1 SWOT analysis
6.1.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
6.1.2.1 Production processes
6.1.2.1.1 Biomethanol from Biogas Reforming
6.1.2.1.2 Biomethanol from Hydrothermal Gasification
6.1.2.1.3 Anaerobic digestion
6.1.2.1.4 Biomass gasification
6.1.2.1.5 Power to Methane
6.1.3 Methanol Synthesis Companies
6.2 Bioethanol
6.2.1 Technology description
6.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
6.2.3 SWOT analysis
6.2.4 Alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) & alcohol-to-gasoline (ATG): methanol & ethanol
6.2.4.1 ATJ and ATG processes
6.2.4.2 Ethanol Feedstocks
6.2.4.3 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) and Methanol-to-Jet (MTJ) processes
6.2.4.4 Companies
6.2.5 Cellulosic Ethanol Production
6.2.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
6.2.7 Gasification
6.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
6.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
6.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
6.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
6.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
6.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
6.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
6.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
6.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
6.2.10 Global ethanol consumption
6.3 Biobutanol
6.3.1 Production
6.3.2 Prices

7.1 Feedstocks
7.1.1 Biomethane
7.1.2 Production pathways
7.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery
7.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
7.1.2.3 Thermal gasification
7.1.3 SWOT analysis
7.1.4 Global production
7.1.5 Prices
7.1.5.1 Raw Biogas
7.1.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane
7.1.6 Bio-LNG
7.1.6.1 Markets
7.1.6.1.1 Trucks
7.1.6.1.2 Marine
7.1.6.2 Production
7.1.6.3 Plants
7.1.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
7.1.8 Carbon capture from biogas
7.2 Biosyngas
7.2.1 Production
7.2.2 Prices
7.3 Biohydrogen
7.3.1 Description
7.3.2 SWOT analysis
7.3.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
7.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes
7.3.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction
7.3.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
7.3.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes
7.3.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification
7.3.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis
7.3.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming
7.3.4 Applications
7.3.5 Prices
7.4 Biochar in biogas production
7.5 Bio-DME

8.1 Plastic pyrolysis
8.2 Used tires pyrolysis
8.2.1 Conversion to biofuel
8.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
8.4 Gasification
8.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
8.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
8.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
8.5 Hydrothermal cracking
8.6 SWOT analysis

9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Costs
9.1.2 Benefits of e-fuels
9.1.3 Production pathways
9.2 Green hydrogen
9.2.1 Electrolyzer Technologies
9.3 CO2 capture
9.3.1 Overview
9.3.2 CO2 Capture Systems
9.3.3 Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology for e-fuel production
9.4 Syngas production
9.4.1 Overview
9.4.2 Syngas Production Technologies
9.4.2.1 Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS)
9.4.2.2 Direct Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis: CO2 to Hydrocarbons
9.4.2.3 Low-Temperature Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
9.4.2.4 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs)
9.4.3 Solar power in E-Fuels
9.4.3.1 Overview
9.4.3.2 Key advantages
9.4.3.3 Projects
9.4.4 Companies
9.5 E-methane
9.5.1 Overview
9.5.2 Methanation
9.5.2.1 Thermocatalytic methanation
9.5.2.2 Biological methanation
9.5.2.3 Companies
9.6 E-methanol
9.6.1 Overview
9.6.2 E-Methanol Production
9.6.3 Direct methanol synthesis
9.6.4 Companies
9.7 SWOT analysis
9.8 Production
9.8.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
9.9 Electrolysers
9.10 Prices
9.11 Market challenges
9.12 Companies

10.1 Technology description
10.2 CO2 capture and utilization
10.3 Conversion pathways
10.3.1 Macroalgae
10.3.2 Microalgae / Cyanobacteria
10.3.2.1 Microalgae cultivation for biofuel production
10.3.2.2 Open cultivation systems
10.3.2.3 Closed photobioreactors (PBRs)
10.3.3 Companies
10.3.4 Projects
10.4 SWOT analysis
10.5 Production
10.5.1 Algal Biofuel Production
10.6 Market challenges
10.7 Prices
10.8 Producers

11.1 Production
11.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
11.1.2 Green ammonia projects
11.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
11.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
11.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
11.2.3 Electrochemical production
11.2.4 Chemical looping processes
11.3 SWOT analysis
11.4 Blue ammonia
11.4.1 Blue ammonia projects
11.5 Markets and applications
11.5.1 Chemical energy storage
11.5.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
11.5.2 Marine fuel
11.6 Prices
11.7 Estimated market demand
11.8 Companies and projects

12.1 Overview
12.2 CO2 capture from point sources
12.3 Production routes
12.4 SWOT analysis
12.5 Direct air capture (DAC)
12.5.1 Description
12.5.2 Deployment
12.5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
12.5.4 Technologies
12.5.4.1 Solid sorbents
12.5.4.2 Liquid sorbents
12.5.4.3 Liquid solvents
12.5.4.4 Airflow equipment integration
12.5.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
12.5.4.6 Direct conversion
12.5.4.7 Co-product generation
12.5.4.8 Low Temperature DAC
12.5.4.9 Regeneration methods
12.5.5 Commercialization and plants
12.5.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
12.5.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
12.5.8 Markets for DAC
12.5.9 Costs
12.5.10 Challenges
12.5.11 Players and production
12.6 Carbon utilization for biofuels
12.6.1 Production routes
12.6.1.1 Electrolyzers
12.6.1.2 Low-carbon hydrogen
12.6.2 Products & applications
12.6.2.1 Vehicles
12.6.2.2 Shipping
12.6.2.3 Aviation
12.6.2.4 Costs
12.6.2.5 Ethanol
12.6.2.6 Methanol
12.6.2.7 Sustainable Aviation Fuel
12.6.2.8 Methane
12.6.2.9 Algae based biofuels
12.6.2.10 CO2-fuels from solar
12.6.3 Challenges
12.6.4 SWOT analysis
12.6.5 Companies

13.1 Description
13.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils
13.2 Production
13.2.1 Biomass Pyrolysis
13.2.2 Plastic Waste Pyrolysis
13.2.3 Catalytic Pyrolysis of Plastic
13.2.4 Costs of production
13.2.5 Upgrading
13.3 Pyrolysis reactors
13.4 SWOT analysis
13.5 Applications
13.6 Bio-oil producers
13.7 Prices

14.1 Overview
14.2 Production
14.2.1 Production process
14.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment
14.3 Markets

Table 1. Market drivers for biofuels
Table 2. Market challenges for biofuels
Table 3. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2035, by type and production
Table 4. Industry developments in biofuels 2022-2024
Table 5. Comparison of biofuels
Table 6. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2024, by type
Table 7. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
Table 8. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
Table 9. Classification of biomass feedstock
Table 10. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 11. Feedstock conversion pathways
Table 12. First-Generation Feedstocks
Table 13. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities
Table 14. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
Table 15. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 16. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol
Table 17. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae
Table 18. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops
Table 19. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation
Table 20. Biodiesel by generation
Table 21. Comparison of Fossil Diesel, Biodiesel & Renewable Diesel
Table 22. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 23. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 24. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 25. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 26. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel
Table 27. Main producers of HVO and capacities
Table 28. Example commercial Development of BtL processes
Table 29. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes
Table 30. Comparison of Biodiesel vs Renewable Diesel: Properties & Engine Compatibility
Table 31. Biodiesel Projects by Scale, Company and Location
Table 32. Recent biodiesel market developments 2023-2024
Table 33. Recent company activity in Biodiesel
Table 34. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year)
Table 35. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year)
Table 36. Renewable diesel price ranges
Table 37. Advantages and disadvantages of Sustainable aviation fuel
Table 38. Recent market developments in Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)
Table 39. Production pathways for Sustainable aviation fuel
Table 40. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Projects by Scale, Company, Location, Technology Pathway, and Start Date
Table 41. Recent company activity in SAF
Table 42. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
Table 43. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
Table 44. Bio-naphtha market value chain
Table 45. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products
Table 46. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer
Table 47.Methanol Production & Colors
Table 48. Main Pathways to Biomethanol Production
Table 49. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 50. 1st Generation Bioethanol Production Processes
Table 51.Ethanol Feedstocks
Table 52. Methanol Feedstocks
Table 53. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process Overview
Table 54. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Process Steps
Table 55. MTG vs MTJ Process Comparison
Table 56. Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Companies
Table 57. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Technology Companies
Table 58. Cellulosic Ethanol Production
Table 59. Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks
Table 60. Challenges in Breaking Down Lignocellulosic Biomass
Table 61. Processes in bioethanol production
Table 62. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic
Table 63. Ethanol consumption 2020-2035 (million litres)
Table 64. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
Table 65. Biogas feedstocks
Table 66. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants
Table 67. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas
Table 68. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
Table 69. Markets and applications for biohydrogen
Table 70. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 71. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 72. Technology & Process Developers in E-Fuels by End-Product
Table 73. E-Fuel Production Costs Breakdown
Table 74. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 75. Overview of e-fuels
Table 76. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 77. E-fuel production efficiencies
Table 78. Production Pathways for E-Fuels
Table 79. Electrolyzer Performance Metrics
Table 80. Overview of Electrolyzer Technologies
Table 81. Electrolyzer Technology Companies
Table 82. Main CO2 Capture Systems
Table 83.Technologies for Carbon Capture
Table 84. Syngas Production Technologies for E-Fuels
Table 85. Comparison of RWGS & SOEC Co-Electrolysis Routes
Table 86.Companies using Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) for E-Fuels
Table 87. SOEC & SOFC System Suppliers
Table 88. Companies in CO2 reduction technologies
Table 89. Comparison of Thermocatalytic vs Biocatalytic Methanation
Table 90. Methanation Companies
Table 91. Power-to-Methane Projects,
Table 92. Methanol Production & Colors
Table 93. E-methanol production methods
Table 94. Main process steps, key equipment, and operating conditions
Table 95.Companies in Methanol Synthesis
Table 96. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 97. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies
Table 98. Market challenges for e-fuels
Table 99. E-fuels companies
Table 100. 3rd Generation Biofuel Production Feedstocks
Table 101. Biofuel Production Process Using Macroalgae
Table 102. Biofuel Production Process Using Microalgae / Cyanobacteria
Table 103. Open vs Closed Algae Cultivation Systems
Table 104. Microalgae Cultivation System Suppliers: Photobioreactors (PBRs) & Ponds
Table 105. Algal and Microbial Biofuel Processes & Projects
Table 106. Algae-derived biofuel producers
Table 107. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
Table 108. Blue ammonia projects
Table 109. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 110. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 111. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 112. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 113. Main players in green ammonia
Table 114. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 115. Point source examples
Table 116. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 117. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 118. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 119. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 120. DAC companies and technologies
Table 121. DAC technology developers and production
Table 122. DAC projects in development
Table 123. Markets for DAC
Table 124. Costs summary for DAC
Table 125. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 126. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 127. DAC companies and technologies
Table 128. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 129. Main production routes and processes for manufacturing fuels from captured carbon dioxide
Table 130. CO2-derived fuels projects
Table 131. Thermochemical methods to produce methanol from CO2
Table 132. Pilot plants for CO2-to-methanol conversion
Table 133. Microalgae products and prices
Table 134. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 135. Market challenges for CO2 derived fuels
Table 136. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 137. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils
Table 138. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil
Table 139. Comparison of Pyrolysis Technologies
Table 140. Pyrolysis Products & Market Applications
Table 141. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels
Table 142. Pyrolysis reactor companies
Table 143. Markets and applications for bio-oil
Table 144. Bio-oil producers
Table 145. Key resource recovery technologies
Table 146. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
Table 147. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes

Figure 1. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2023
Figure 2. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2023
Figure 3. Diesel and gasoline alternatives and blends
Figure 4. SWOT analysis for biofuels
Figure 5. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
Figure 6. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels
Figure 7. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels
Figure 8. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels
Figure 9. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels
Figure 10. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type
Figure 11. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres)
Figure 12. SWOT analysis for biodiesel
Figure 13. Flow chart for biodiesel production
Figure 14. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre, 2012-2023
Figure 15. Global biodiesel consumption, 2020-2035 (M litres/year)
Figure 16. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel
Figure 17. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Figure 18. SWOT analysis for Sustainable aviation fuel
Figure 19. Global Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production and Consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
Figure 20. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha
Figure 21. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2033 (tonnes)
Figure 22. SWOT analysis biomethanol
Figure 23. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 24. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 25. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 26. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 27. SWOT analysis for ethanol
Figure 28. Ethanol consumption 2020-2035 (million litres)
Figure 29. Biobutanol production route
Figure 30. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 31. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 32. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
Figure 33. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production
Figure 34. SWOT analysis for biogas
Figure 35. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023
Figure 36. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen
Figure 37. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 38. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 39. Used tires conversion process
Figure 40. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2023
Figure 41. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 42. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 43. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels
Figure 44. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 45. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 46. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 47. SWOT analysis for E-fuels
Figure 48. E-liquids production routes
Figure 49. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 50. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 51. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
Figure 52. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels
Figure 53. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels
Figure 54. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production
Figure 55. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 56. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 57. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 58. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 59. SWOT analysis for green ammonia
Figure 60. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 61. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons to 2050
Figure 62. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 63. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 64. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 65. SWOT analysis for biofuels from carbon capture
Figure 66. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 67. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
Figure 68. DAC technologies
Figure 69. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 70. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 71. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 72. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 73. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Figure 74. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
Figure 75. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 76. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 77. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 78. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 79. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 80. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 81. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV EC) approaches for CO2
Figure 82. SWOT analysis: CO2 utilization in fuels
Figure 83. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 84. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques
Figure 85. SWOT analysis for bio-oils
Figure 86. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
Figure 87. ChemCyclingTM prototypes
Figure 88. ChemCycling circle by BASF
Figure 89. FBPO process
Figure 90. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 91. CRI process
Figure 92. Cassandra Oil process
Figure 93. Colyser process
Figure 94. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 95. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 96. Domsjö process
Figure 97. FuelPositive system
Figure 98. INERATEC unit
Figure 99. Infinitree swing method
Figure 100. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 101. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 102: Plantrose process
Figure 103. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 104. Takavator
Figure 105. O12 Reactor
Figure 106. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 107. CO2 made car part
Figure 108. The Velocys process
Figure 109. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 110. The Proesa® Process