PEATE’S BODY SYSTEMS
THE EYES
A CONCISE, ILLUSTRATED, AND ACCESSIBLE GUIDE TO THE EYES
Each of the twelve volumes in Peate’s Body Systems series is rooted in the belief that a deep and thorough understanding of the human body is essential for providing the highest standard of care. Offering clear, accessible and up-to-date information on different body systems, this series bridges the gap between complex scientific concepts and practical, everyday applications in health and care settings. This series makes for an invaluable resource for those committed to understanding the intricacies of human biology, physiology and the various systems that sustain life.
The Eyes is the perfect companion for students and newly registered practitioners across nursing and allied health fields with an interest in eye care, providing a comprehensive yet easy-to-digest guide for both academic and clinical application.
- Equips healthcare students and practitioners with the necessary information to provide safe and competent care
- Features colourful illustrations to aid comprehension, clarify complicated concepts, and render content more engaging and accessible
- Empowers readers to adapt to a rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, preparing them for the future of healthcare delivery
- Contains information necessary for effective patient care of those with glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration, and other eye diseases and conditions
Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Eyes 1
The Sense of Sight 1
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye 4
Conjunctiva 6
Lacrimal Apparatus 7
The Eye 8
Organisation of the Retina 10
Colour Vision and Retinal Structure 10
Eye Chambers 12
Focusing Images on the Retina 12
Refraction 12
Focal Length 13
Myopia, Hyperopia and Presbyopia 14
Processing of Visual Information 15
Central Processing of Visual Information 15
Conclusion 16
Glossary of Terms 16
Multiple Choice Questions 17
References 19
2 Assessment of the Eyes 20
Importance of Vision Assessment 20
The Assessment 21
Patient History in Ophthalmic Assessment 24
Documentation of Findings 24
Testing Visual Function 27
LogMAR Vision Testing 29
Tumbling ‘E’, ‘E’ Test 29
Colour Vision Assessment 30
Diagnostic Tests 31
Conclusion 33
Glossary of Terms 34
Multiple Choice Questions 35
References 36
3 Glaucoma 37
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Primary Open-angle Glaucoma 37
Epidemiology 39
Risk Factors 41
Clinical Presentation 42
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 43
Management 44
Health Teaching 47
Conclusion 49
Glossary of Terms 50
Multiple Choice Questions 51
References 52
4 Cataract 54
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Cataract 56
Epidemiology 58
Risk Factors 59
Clinical Presentation 59
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 61
Management 64
Surgical Management 65
Cataract Surgery Procedure 65
Types of Intra-optical Lenses 66
Postoperative Care 66
Health Teaching 66
Conclusion 69
Glossary of Terms 70
Multiple Choice Questions 71
References 72
5 Conjunctivitis 73
Pink Eye 73
Viral Conjunctivitis 73
Bacterial Conjunctivitis 73
Allergic Conjunctivitis 73
Chemical Conjunctivitis 73
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis 74
Neonatal Conjunctivitis 74
Non-infectious Conjunctivitis 74
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Conjunctivitis 74
Conjunctival Anatomy and Function 75
Types of Conjunctivitis and Specific Pathophysiological Mechanisms 76
Protective Mechanisms and Self-limiting Nature 77
Epidemiology 78
Ophthalmia Neonatorum 78
Risk Factors 79
General Risks Across All Types 80
Populations at Higher Risk 80
Clinical Presentation 81
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 83
Management 87
Bacterial Conjunctivitis 87
Viral Conjunctivitis 88
Allergic Conjunctivitis 88
Chemical Conjunctivitis 88
Further Considerations 89
Health Teaching 89
Conclusion 90
Glossary of Terms 91
Multiple Choice Questions 92
References 93
6 Age-related Macular Degeneration 94
Macular Degeneration 94
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Age-related Macular Degeneration 95
Dry (Non-exudative or Atrophic) 95
Wet (Neovascular or Exudative) Age-related Macular Degeneration 97
Epidemiology 99
Risk Factors 99
Clinical Presentation 100
Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (Atrophic) 101
Wet Age-related Macular Degeneration (Neovascular or Exudative) 101
General Symptoms of Age-related Macular Degeneration 102
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 103
Initial Consultation 103
Symptom Inquiry 104
Structured Interviews and Questionnaires 104
Documentation and Follow-up 105
Visual Acuity Test 106
Amsler Grid Test 106
Fundoscopic Examination (Ophthalmoscopy) 106
Optical Coherence Tomography 106
Fluorescein Angiography 107
Indocyanine Green Angiography 107
Fundus Autofluorescence 107
Electroretinography 107
Management 107
Health Teaching 109
Conclusion 110
Glossary of Terms 111
Multiple Choice Questions 112
References 113
7 Retinitis 114
Retinal Dystrophies 114
Types 114
Symptoms 115
Causes 115
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Retinitis Pigmentosa 116
Genetic Mutations 116
Photoreceptor Degeneration 116
Retinal Pigment Epithelium Changes 117
Vascular Changes 117
Retinal Remodelling 117
Inflammatory Responses 117
Secondary Effects 117
Clinical Implications 117
Epidemiology 118
Risk Factors 118
Genetic Mutations 118
Environmental and Lifestyle Factors 119
Age of Onset 120
Clinical Presentation 120
Initial Symptoms 120
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 122
Patient History 122
Symptom Onset and Progression 122
Central Vision Changes 123
Family History 123
Previous Ocular and Medical History 123
Visual Function Impact 124
Psychosocial Aspects 124
Examination and Investigations 125
Clinical Examination 125
Retinal Imaging 125
Functional Tests 126
Genetic Testing 126
Additional Tests 126
Visual Field Testing (Perimetry) 127
Management 127
Gene Therapy 128
Health Teaching 129
Conclusion 130
Glossary of Terms 130
Multiple Choice Questions 131
References 132
8 Presbyopia 134
Myopia, Hyperopia and Presbyopia 134
Emmetropia 134
Refractive Error 134
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Presbyopia 134
Epidemiology 137
Risk Factors 138
Clinical Presentation 140
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 140
Management 143
Health Teaching 143
Conclusion 145
Glossary of Terms 146
Multiple Choice Questions 147
References 148
MCQ Answers 150
Index 151
