The Global Market for Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) 2025-2045

2.1 Definition of Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS)
2.2 Technology Readiness Level (TRL)

3.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
3.2 CO2 as a commodity
3.3 Meeting climate targets
3.4 Market drivers and trends
3.5 The current market and future outlook
3.6 CCUS Industry developments 2020-2024
3.7 CCUS investments
3.7.1 Venture Capital Funding
3.7.1.1 2010-2022
3.7.1.2 CCUS VC deals 2022-2024
3.8 Government CCUS initiatives
3.8.1 North America
3.8.2 Europe
3.8.3 Asia
3.8.3.1 Japan
3.8.3.2 Singapore
3.8.3.3 China
3.9 Market map
3.10 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
3.10.1 Facilities
3.10.1.1 Operational
3.10.1.2 Under development/construction
3.11 CCUS Value Chain
3.12 Key market barriers for CCUS
3.13 Carbon pricing
3.13.1 Compliance Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
3.13.2 Alternative to Carbon Pricing: 45Q Tax Credits
3.13.3 Business models
3.13.4 The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
3.13.5 Carbon Pricing in the US
3.13.6 Carbon Pricing in China
3.13.7 Voluntary Carbon Markets
3.13.8 Challenges with Carbon Pricing
3.14 Global market forecasts
3.14.1 CCUS capture capacity forecast by end point
3.14.2 Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa
3.14.3 Revenues
3.14.4 CCUS capacity forecast by capture type

4.1 What is CCUS?
4.1.1 Carbon Capture
4.1.1.1 Source Characterization
4.1.1.2 Purification
4.1.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
4.1.2 Carbon Utilization
4.1.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
4.1.3 Carbon storage
4.1.3.1 Passive storage
4.1.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
4.2 Transporting CO2
4.2.1 Methods of CO2 transport
4.2.1.1 Pipeline
4.2.1.2 Ship
4.2.1.3 Road
4.2.1.4 Rail
4.2.2 Safety
4.3 Costs
4.3.1 Cost of CO2 transport
4.4 Carbon credits

5.1 CO2 capture technologies
5.2 >90% capture rate
5.3 99% capture rate
5.4 CO2 capture from point sources
5.4.1 Energy Availability and Costs
5.4.2 Power plants with CCUS
5.4.3 Transportation
5.4.4 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
5.4.5 By source
5.4.6 Blue hydrogen
5.4.6.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
5.4.6.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
5.4.6.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
5.4.6.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
5.4.6.5 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
5.4.6.6 Blue hydrogen projects
5.4.6.7 Costs
5.4.6.8 Market players
5.4.7 Carbon capture in cement
5.4.7.1 CCUS Projects
5.4.7.2 Carbon capture technologies
5.4.7.3 Costs
5.4.7.4 Challenges
5.4.8 Maritime carbon capture
5.5 Main carbon capture processes
5.5.1 Materials
5.5.2 Post-combustion
5.5.2.1 Chemicals/Solvents
5.5.2.2 Amine-based post-combustion CO2 absorption
5.5.2.3 Physical absorption solvents
5.5.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
5.5.3.1 Oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
5.5.3.2 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
5.5.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
5.5.5 Pre-combustion
5.6 Carbon separation technologies
5.6.1 Absorption capture
5.6.2 Adsorption capture
5.6.2.1 Solid sorbent-based CO2 separation
5.6.2.2 Metal organic framework (MOF) adsorbents
5.6.2.3 Zeolite-based adsorbents
5.6.2.4 Solid amine-based adsorbents
5.6.2.5 Carbon-based adsorbents
5.6.2.6 Polymer-based adsorbents
5.6.2.7 Solid sorbents in pre-combustion
5.6.2.8 Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift (SEWGS)
5.6.2.9 Solid sorbents in post-combustion
5.6.3 Membranes
5.6.3.1 Membrane-based CO2 separation
5.6.3.2 Post-combustion CO2 capture
5.6.3.2.1 Facilitated transport membranes
5.6.3.3 Pre-combustion capture
5.6.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
5.6.4.1 Cryogenic CO2 capture
5.6.5 Calcium Looping
5.6.5.1 Calix Advanced Calciner
5.6.6 Other technologies
5.6.6.1 LEILAC process
5.6.6.2 CO2 capture with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
5.6.6.3 CO2 capture with Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
5.6.6.4 Microalgae Carbon Capture
5.6.7 Comparison of key separation technologies
5.6.8 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
5.7 Opportunities and barriers
5.8 Costs of CO2 capture
5.9 CO2 capture capacity
5.10 Direct air capture (DAC)
5.10.1 Technology description
5.10.1.1 Sorbent-based CO2 Capture
5.10.1.2 Solvent-based CO2 Capture
5.10.1.3 DAC Solid Sorbent Swing Adsorption Processes
5.10.1.4 Electro-Swing Adsorption (ESA) of CO2 for DAC
5.10.1.5 Solid and liquid DAC
5.10.2 Advantages of DAC
5.10.3 Deployment
5.10.4 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
5.10.5 Technologies
5.10.5.1 Solid sorbents
5.10.5.2 Liquid sorbents
5.10.5.3 Liquid solvents
5.10.5.4 Airflow equipment integration
5.10.5.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
5.10.5.6 Direct conversion
5.10.5.7 Co-product generation
5.10.5.8 Low Temperature DAC
5.10.5.9 Regeneration methods
5.10.6 Electricity and Heat Sources
5.10.7 Commercialization and plants
5.10.8 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
5.10.9 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
5.10.10 Capacity forecasts
5.10.11 Costs
5.10.12 Market challenges for DAC
5.10.13 Market prospects for direct air capture
5.10.14 Players and production
5.10.15 Co2 utilization pathways
5.10.16 Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
5.10.16.1 Fuels
5.10.16.1.1 Overview
5.10.16.1.2 Production routes
5.10.16.1.3 Methanol
5.10.16.1.4 Algae based biofuels
5.10.16.1.5 CO2-fuels from solar
5.10.16.1.6 Companies
5.10.16.1.7 Challenges
5.10.16.2 Chemicals, plastics and polymers
5.10.16.2.1 Overview
5.10.16.2.2 Scalability
5.10.16.2.3 Plastics and polymers
5.10.16.2.3.1 CO2 utilization products
5.10.16.2.4 Urea production
5.10.16.2.5 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
5.10.16.2.6 Carbon nanotubes
5.10.16.2.7 Companies
5.10.16.3 Construction materials
5.10.16.3.1 Overview
5.10.16.3.2 CCUS technologies
5.10.16.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
5.10.16.3.4 Additives during mixing
5.10.16.3.5 Concrete curing
5.10.16.3.6 Costs
5.10.16.3.7 Companies
5.10.16.3.8 Challenges
5.10.16.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
5.10.16.4.1 Overview
5.10.16.4.2 Applications
5.10.16.4.2.1 Greenhouses
5.10.16.4.2.2 Algae cultivation
5.10.16.4.2.3 Microbial conversion
5.10.16.4.3 Companies
5.10.16.5 Food and feed production
5.10.16.6 CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
5.10.16.6.1 Overview
5.10.16.6.1.1 Process
5.10.16.6.1.2 CO2 sources
5.10.16.6.2 CO2-EOR facilities and projects

6.1 Conventional CDR on land
6.1.1 Wetland and peatland restoration
6.1.2 Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
6.2 Technological CDR Solutions
6.3 Main CDR methods
6.4 Novel CDR methods
6.5 Market drivers
6.6 Technology Readiness Level (TRL): Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
6.7 Carbon Credits
6.8 Types of Carbon Credits
6.8.1 Voluntary Carbon Credits
6.8.2 Compliance Carbon Credits
6.8.3 Corporate commitments
6.8.4 Increasing government support and regulations
6.8.5 Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
6.8.6 Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
6.8.7 Prices
6.8.8 Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
6.8.8.1 Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
6.8.8.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
6.8.8.3 Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
6.8.9 Certification
6.8.10 Challenges and risks
6.9 Value chain
6.10 Monitoring, reporting, and verification
6.11 Government policies
6.12 Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS)
6.12.1 Advantages
6.12.2 Challenges
6.12.3 Costs
6.12.4 Feedstocks
6.13 BECCS
6.13.1 Technology overview
6.13.1.1 Point Source Capture Technologies for BECCS
6.13.1.2 Energy efficiency
6.13.1.3 Heat generation
6.13.1.4 Waste-to-Energy
6.13.1.5 Blue Hydrogen Production
6.13.2 Biomass conversion
6.13.3 CO2 capture technologies
6.13.4 BECCS facilities
6.13.5 Cost analysis
6.13.6 BECCS carbon credits
6.13.7 Sustainability
6.13.8 Challenges
6.14 Enhanced Weathering
6.14.1 Overview
6.14.1.1 Role of enhanced weathering in carbon dioxide removal
6.14.1.2 CO2 mineralization
6.14.2 Enhanced Weathering Processes and Materials
6.14.3 Enhanced Weathering Applications
6.14.4 Trends and Opportunities
6.14.5 Challenges and Risks
6.14.6 Cost analysis
6.14.7 SWOT analysis
6.15 Afforestation/Reforestation
6.15.1 Overview
6.15.2 Carbon dioxide removal methods
6.15.3 Projects
6.15.4 Remote sensing in A/R
6.15.5 Robotics
6.15.6 Trends and Opportunities
6.15.7 Challenges and Risks
6.15.8 SWOT analysis
6.16 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
6.16.1 Overview
6.16.2 Practices
6.16.3 Measuring and Verifying
6.16.4 Trends and Opportunities
6.16.5 Carbon credits
6.16.6 Challenges and Risks
6.16.7 SWOT analysis
6.17 Biochar
6.17.1 What is biochar?
6.17.2 Carbon sequestration
6.17.3 Properties of biochar
6.17.4 Feedstocks
6.17.5 Production processes
6.17.5.1 Sustainable production
6.17.5.2 Pyrolysis
6.17.5.2.1 Slow pyrolysis
6.17.5.2.2 Fast pyrolysis
6.17.5.3 Gasification
6.17.5.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
6.17.5.5 Torrefaction
6.17.5.6 Equipment manufacturers
6.17.6 Biochar pricing
6.17.7 Biochar carbon credits
6.17.7.1 Overview
6.17.7.2 Removal and reduction credits
6.17.7.3 The advantage of biochar
6.17.7.4 Prices
6.17.7.5 Buyers of biochar credits
6.17.7.6 Competitive materials and technologies
6.17.8 Bio-oil based CDR
6.17.9 Biomass burial for CO2 removal
6.17.10 Bio-based construction materials for CDR
6.17.11 SWOT analysis
6.18 Ocean-based CDR
6.18.1 Overview
6.18.2 Ocean pumps
6.18.3 CO2 capture from seawater
6.18.4 Ocean fertilisation
6.18.5 Coastal blue carbon
6.18.6 Algal cultivation
6.18.7 Artificial upwelling
6.18.8 MRV for marine CDR
6.18.9 Ocean alkalinisation
6.18.10 Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE)
6.18.11 Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
6.18.12 Direct ocean capture technology
6.18.13 Artificial downwelling
6.18.14 Trends and Opportunities
6.18.15 Ocean-based carbon credits
6.18.16 Cost analysis
6.18.17 Challenges and Risks
6.18.18 SWOT analysis

7.1 Overview
7.1.1 Current market status
7.2 Carbon utilization business models
7.2.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
7.2.2 Market challenges
7.3 Co2 utilization pathways
7.4 Conversion processes
7.4.1 Thermochemical
7.4.1.1 Process overview
7.4.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
7.4.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
7.4.2.1 Process overview
7.4.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
7.4.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
7.4.5 Biological conversion of CO2
7.4.6 Copolymerization of CO2
7.4.7 Mineral carbonation
7.5 CO2-Utilization in Fuels
7.5.1 Overview
7.5.2 Production routes
7.5.3 CO2 -fuels in road vehicles
7.5.4 CO2 -fuels in shipping
7.5.5 CO2 -fuels in aviation
7.5.6 Methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) synthesis
7.5.7 Power-to-methane
7.5.7.1 Thermocatalytic pathway to e-methane
7.5.7.2 Biological fermentation
7.5.7.3 Costs
7.5.8 Algae based biofuels
7.5.9 DAC for e-fuels
7.5.10 CO2-fuels from solar
7.5.11 Companies
7.5.12 Challenges
7.5.13 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
7.6 CO2-Utilization in Chemicals
7.6.1 Overview
7.6.2 Carbon nanostructures
7.6.3 Scalability
7.6.4 Pathways
7.6.4.1 Thermochemical
7.6.4.2 Electrochemical
7.6.4.3 Microbial conversion
7.6.4.4 Other
7.6.5 Applications
7.6.5.1 Urea production
7.6.5.2 CO2-derived polymers
7.6.5.2.1 Pathways
7.6.5.2.2 Polycarbonate from CO2
7.6.5.2.3 Methanol to olefins (polypropylene production)
7.6.5.2.4 Ethanol to polymers
7.6.5.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
7.6.5.4 Carbon nanomaterials
7.6.6 Companies
7.6.7 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
7.7 CO2-Utilization in Construction and Building Materials
7.7.1 Overview
7.7.2 Market drivers
7.7.3 Key CO2 utilization technologies in construction
7.7.4 Carbonated aggregates
7.7.5 Additives during mixing
7.7.6 Concrete curing
7.7.7 Costs
7.7.8 Market trends and business models
7.7.9 Carbon credits
7.7.10 Companies
7.7.11 Challenges
7.7.12 Global market forecasts
7.8 CO2-Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
7.8.1 Overview
7.8.2 CO2 utilization in biological processes
7.8.3 Applications
7.8.3.1 Greenhouses
7.8.3.1.1 CO2 enrichment
7.8.3.2 Algae cultivation
7.8.3.2.1 CO2-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
7.8.3.2.2 CO2-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
7.8.3.3 Microbial conversion
7.8.3.4 Food and feed production
7.8.4 Companies
7.8.5 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
7.9 CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
7.9.1 Overview
7.9.1.1 Process
7.9.1.2 CO2 sources
7.9.2 CO2-EOR facilities and projects
7.9.3 Challenges
7.9.4 Global market forecasts 2025-2045
7.10 Enhanced mineralization
7.10.1 Advantages
7.10.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
7.10.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
7.10.4 Challenges

8.1 Introduction
8.2 CO2 storage sites
8.2.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
8.2.2 Oil and gas fields
8.2.3 Saline formations
8.2.4 Coal seams and shale
8.2.5 Basalts and ultra-mafic rocks
8.3 CO2 leakage
8.4 Global CO2 storage capacity
8.5 CO2 Storage Projects
8.6 CO2 -EOR
8.6.1 Description
8.6.2 Injected CO2
8.6.3 CO2 capture with CO2 -EOR facilities
8.6.4 Companies
8.6.5 Economics
8.7 Costs
8.8 Challenges

9.1 Introduction
9.2 CO2 transportation methods and conditions
9.3 CO2 transportation by pipeline
9.4 CO2 transportation by ship
9.5 CO2 transportation by rail and truck
9.6 Cost analysis of different methods
9.7 Companies

Table 1. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Examples
Table 2. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends
Table 3. Carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) industry developments 2020-2024
Table 4. CCUS VC deals 2022-2024
Table 5. CCUS government funding and investment-10 year outlook
Table 6. Demonstration and commercial CCUS facilities in China
Table 7. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation
Table 8. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction
Table 9. Key market barriers for CCUS
Table 10. Key compliance carbon pricing initiatives around the world
Table 11. CCUS business models: full chain, part chain, and hubs and clusters
Table 12. CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 endpoint, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
Table 13. Capture capacity by region to 2045, Mtpa
Table 14. CCUS revenue potential for captured CO2 offtaker, billion US $ to 2045
Table 15. CCUS capacity forecast by capture type, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
Table 16. Point-source CCUS capture capacity forecast by CO2 source sector, Mtpa of CO2, to 2045
Table 17. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 18. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
Table 19. CO2 capture technologies
Table 20. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
Table 21. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
Table 22. Methods of CO2 transport
Table 23. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 24. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
Table 25. Comparison of CO2 capture technologies
Table 26. Typical conditions and performance for different capture technologies
Table 27. PSCC technologies
Table 28. Point source examples
Table 29. Comparison of point-source CO2 capture systems
Table 30. Blue hydrogen projects
Table 31. Commercial CO2 capture systems for blue H2
Table 32. Market players in blue hydrogen
Table 33. CCUS Projects in the Cement Sector
Table 34. Carbon capture technologies in the cement sector
Table 35. Cost and technological status of carbon capture in the cement sector
Table 36. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 37. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
Table 38. Comparison of key chemical solvent-based systems
Table 39. Chemical absorption solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
Table 40.Comparison of key physical absorption solvents
Table 41.Physical solvents used in current operational CCUS point-source projects
Table 42.Emerging solvents for carbon capture
Table 43. Oxygen separation technologies for oxy-fuel combustion
Table 44. Large-scale oxyfuel CCUS cement projects
Table 45. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
Table 46. Main capture processes and their separation technologies
Table 47. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 48. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption
Table 49. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 50. Solid sorbents explored for carbon capture
Table 51. Carbon-based adsorbents for CO2 capture
Table 52. Polymer-based adsorbents
Table 53. Solid sorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture
Table 54. Emerging Solid Sorbent Systems
Table 55. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 56. Comparison of membrane materials for CCUS
Table 57.Commercial status of membranes in carbon capture
Table 58. Membranes for pre-combustion capture
Table 59. Status of cryogenic CO2 capture technologies
Table 60. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture
Table 61. Comparison of main separation technologies
Table 62. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separation technologies
Table 63. Opportunities and Barriers by sector
Table 64. DAC technologies
Table 65. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 66. Advantages of DAC as a CO2 removal strategy
Table 67. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 68. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 69. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 70. DAC companies and technologies
Table 71. DAC technology developers and production
Table 72. DAC projects in development
Table 73. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO2 per year), 2024-2045, base case
Table 74. DACCS carbon removal capacity forecast (million metric tons of CO2 per year), 2030-2045, optimistic case
Table 75. Costs summary for DAC
Table 76. Typical cost contributions of the main components of a DACCS system
Table 77. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 78. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 79. DAC companies and technologies
Table 80. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 81. Markets for Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACCS)
Table 82. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 83. Microalgae products and prices
Table 84. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 85. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 86. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
Table 87. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers
Table 88. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
Table 89. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 90. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
Table 91. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 92. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
Table 93. CO2 sequestering technologies and their use in food
Table 94. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
Table 95. Benchmarking comparison of various CDR technologies based on key parameters
Table 96. Main CDR methods
Table 97. Market drivers for carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
Table 98. CDR versus CCUS
Table 99. Carbon credit prices
Table 100. Carbon credit prices by company and technology
Table 101. DACCS carbon credit revenue forecast (million US$), 2024-2045
Table 102. CDR Value Chain
Table 103. Feedstocks for Bioenergy with Carbon Removal and Storage (BiCRS):
Table 104. CO2 capture technologies for BECCS
Table 105. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
Table 106. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
Table 107. Challenges of BECCS
Table 108.Comparison of enhanced weathering materials
Table 109. Enhanced Weathering Applications
Table 110. Trends and opportunities in enhanced weathering
Table 111. Challenges and risks in enhanced weathering
Table 112. Nature-based CDR approaches
Table 113. Companies in robotics in afforestation/reforestation
Table 114. Comparison of A/R and BECCS
Table 115. Trends and Opportunities in afforestation/reforestation
Table 116. Challenges and risks in afforestation/reforestation
Table 117. Soil carbon sequestration practices
Table 118. Soil sampling and analysis methods
Table 119. Remote sensing and modeling techniques
Table 120. Carbon credit protocols and standards
Table 121. Trends and opportunities in soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
Table 122. Key aspects of soil carbon credits
Table 123. Challenges and Risks in SCS
Table 124. Summary of key properties of biochar
Table 125. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
Table 126. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics
Table 127. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages
Table 128. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass
Table 129. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production
Table 130. Biochar production equipment manufacturers
Table 131. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits
Table 132. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons
Table 133. Ocean-based CDR methods
Table 134. Benchmarking of ocean-based CDR methods:
Table 135.Ocean-based CDR: biotic methods
Table 136. Technology in direct ocean capture
Table 137. Future direct ocean capture technologies
Table 138. Trends and opportunities in ocean-based CDR
Table 139. Challenges and risks in ocean-based CDR
Table 140. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
Table 141. Carbon utilization business models
Table 142. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 143. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
Table 144. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 145. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 146. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 147. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 148. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
Table 149. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
Table 150. Comparison of emerging CO2 utilization applications
Table 151. Main routes to CO2-fuels
Table 152. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 153. Main routes to CO2 -fuels
Table 154. Power-to-Methane projects worldwide
Table 155. Power-to-Methane projects
Table 156. Microalgae products and prices
Table 157. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 158. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 159. CO2 utilization forecast for fuels by fuel type (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
Table 160. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2025-2045
Table 161. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
Table 162. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
Table 163. CO2 utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
Table 164. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045
Table 165. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 166. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets
Table 167. CO2 utilization in concrete curing or mixing
Table 168. CO2 utilization business models in building materials
Table 169. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
Table 170. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 171. CO2 utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
Table 172. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2025-2045
Table 173. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
Table 174. CO2 utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes of CO2 per year), 2025-2045
Table 175. Global revenue forecast for CO2 use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045
Table 176. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
Table 177. CO2 utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
Table 178. Global revenue forecast for CO2-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2045
Table 179. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges
Table 180. Storage and utilization of CO2
Table 181. Mechanisms of subsurface CO2 trapping
Table 182. Global depleted reservoir storage projects
Table 183. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects
Table 184. CO2 EOR/storage projects
Table 185. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects
Table 186. Global storage capacity estimates, by region
Table 187. MRV Technologies and Costs in CO2 Storage
Table 188. Carbon storage challenges
Table 189. Status of CO2 Storage Projects
Table 190. Types of CO2 -EOR designs
Table 191. CO2 capture with CO2 -EOR facilities
Table 192. CO2 -EOR companies
Table 193. Phases of CO2 for transportation
Table 194. CO2 transportation methods and conditions
Table 195. Status of CO2 transportation methods in CCS projects
Table 196. CO2 pipelines Technical challenges
Table 197. Cost comparison of CO2 transportation methods
Table 198. CO2 transport operators

Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector
Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 3. CCUS business model
Figure 4. Pathways for CO2 use
Figure 5. Regional capacity share 2023-2033
Figure 6. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2023, millions USD
Figure 7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map
Figure 8. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035
Figure 9. Existing and planned CCS projects
Figure 10. CCUS Value Chain
Figure 11. Schematic of CCUS process
Figure 12. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
Figure 13. A pre-combustion capture system
Figure 14. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
Figure 15. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
Figure 16. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
Figure 17. Transport of CCS technologies
Figure 18. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
Figure 19. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
Figure 20. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Figure 21. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
Figure 22. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 23. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities
Figure 24. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2023
Figure 25. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2040
Figure 26. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS)
Figure 27. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant
Figure 28. POX process flow diagram
Figure 29. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR
Figure 30. Post-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 31. Post-combustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
Figure 32. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 33. Process schematic of chemical looping
Figure 34. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
Figure 35. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 36. Amine-based absorption technology
Figure 37. Pressure swing absorption technology
Figure 38. Membrane separation technology
Figure 39. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation
Figure 40. Cryocap™ process
Figure 41. Calix advanced calcination reactor
Figure 42. LEILAC process
Figure 43. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram
Figure 44. Microalgal carbon capture
Figure 45. Cost of carbon capture
Figure 46. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2
Figure 47. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030
Figure 48. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 49. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
Figure 50. Potential for DAC removal versus other carbon removal methods
Figure 51. DAC technologies
Figure 52. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 53. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 54. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 55. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 56. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Figure 57. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
Figure 58. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 59. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 60. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 61. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 62. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 63. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 64. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 65. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 66. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 67. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
Figure 68. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 69. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Figure 70. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 71. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process
Figure 72. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 73. Algal cultivation in the desert
Figure 74. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
Figure 75. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
Figure 76. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
Figure 77. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
Figure 78. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering
Figure 79. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation
Figure 80. SWOT analysis: SCS
Figure 81. Schematic of biochar production
Figure 82. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures
Figure 83. Compressed biochar
Figure 84. Biochar production diagram
Figure 85. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture
Figure 86. SWOT analysis: Biochar for CDR
Figure 87. SWOT analysis: ocean-based CDR
Figure 88. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
Figure 89. Applications for CO2
Figure 90. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
Figure 91. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 92. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 93. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
Figure 94. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
Figure 95. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 96. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 97. Econic catalyst systems
Figure 98. Mineral carbonation processes
Figure 99. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 100. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 101. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 102. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 103. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 104. CO2 utilization forecast for fuels by fuel type (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
Figure 105. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived fuels by fuel type (million US$), 2025-2045
Figure 106. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
Figure 107. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 108. CO2 utilization forecast in chemicals by end-use (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
Figure 109. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived chemicals by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045
Figure 110. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Figure 111. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 112. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process
Figure 113. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 114. CO2 utilization forecast in building materials by end-use (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
Figure 115. Global revenue forecast for CO2-derived building materials by product (million US$), 2025-2045
Figure 116. Algal cultivation in the desert
Figure 117. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
Figure 118. CO2 utilization forecast in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million tonnes of CO2 per year), 2025-2045
Figure 119. Global revenue forecast for CO2 use in biological yield-boosting by end-use (million US$), 2025-2045
Figure 120. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
Figure 121. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
Figure 122. CO2 utilization forecast in enhanced oil recovery (million tonnes of CO2/year), 2025-2045
Figure 123. Global revenue forecast for CO2-enhanced oil recovery (billion US$), 2025-2045
Figure 124. Carbon mineralization pathways
Figure 125. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 126. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use
Figure 127. Subsurface storage cost estimation
Figure 128. Air Products production process
Figure 129. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor
Figure 130. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
Figure 131. Aspiring Materials method
Figure 132. Aymium’s Biocarbon production
Figure 133. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
Figure 134. Carbonminer technology
Figure 135. Carbon Blade system
Figure 136. CarbonCure Technology
Figure 137. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 138. CRI process
Figure 139. PCCSD Project in China
Figure 140. Orca facility
Figure 141. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant
Figure 142. Colyser process
Figure 143. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 144. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 145. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture
Figure 146. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology
Figure 147. Carbon Capture balloon
Figure 148. Holy Grail DAC system
Figure 149. INERATEC unit
Figure 150. Infinitree swing method
Figure 151. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 152. Made of Air's HexChar panels
Figure 153. Mosaic Materials MOFs
Figure 154. Neustark modular plant
Figure 155. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 156. ZerCaL™ process
Figure 157. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field
Figure 158. RepAir technology
Figure 159. Aker (SLB Capturi) carbon capture system
Figure 160. Soletair Power unit
Figure 161. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 162. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
Figure 163. Takavator
Figure 164. O12 Reactor
Figure 165. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 166. CO2 made car part
Figure 167. Molecular sieving membrane