This book is an essential guide to analysis and design of tall buildings and foundations. The book covers the basic consideration of tall buildings, selection of a suitable structural form, structural materials, and analytical methods for several types of construction loadings. The last chapter of this book presents an illustrated case study for learners. An appendix of different structural analysis calculations rounds up the book. The detailed analysis and learning material presented in the book is intended to enable readers to master the basics and understand how to execute practical civil engineering projects.
Key features:
- Covers the essentials of skyscraper design and construction in detail with a focus on learning.
- Covers building modelling parameters and criteria with design reports and computer inputs.
- Includes analysis and notes for foundation layout, loadings and the excavation and lateral support system (ELS).
- Includes more than 250 detailed illustrations of concepts, construction plans and photos from real projects.
- Includes references and appendices for advanced readers.
- Includes more details than most of the similar texts, with practical guidelines based on references from many buildings and foundation projects.
The authors have extensive research and practical experience of buildings and foundation analysis and design in Hong Kong, and have actively served as regional engineering committee members overseeing structural and foundation disciplines.
This book is intended as a primary resource for senior undergraduate and graduate students as well as to engineers and professors in the field of civil engineering and building modeling. A basic knowledge about structural and foundation engineering is required for adequate understanding of the content.
Table of Contents
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AIMS AND SCOPE
3. HIGHLIGHTS
4. TALL BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD AND HONG KONG
5. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
6. STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
CHAPTER 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BUILDING’S SUPERSTRUCTURE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR A BUILDING
2.1 Building Use and Architectural Layout
2.2. Ground Conditions
2.3. Loads
2.4. Building Stiffness Required
3. DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIOUS HOLISTIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
3.1. Beam-Column Frame Building
3.2. Shear Wall/Corewall Building
3.3. Wall and Frame Building
3.4. Framed Tube Building
3.5. Braced Tube Building
3.6. Out-rigger Building Structure (Belt-truss)
4. CHOICE OF HOLISTIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR BUILDING
4.1. Floor System
4.1.1. Reinforced Concrete Beam and Slab
4.1.2. Flat Slab
4.1.3. Voided Slab
4.1.4. Ribbed and Waffle Slabs
4.1.5. Precast Slab and Semi-precast Slab
4.1.6. Pre-stressing Slab
4.1.7. Composite Beam-slab (Profiled Metal Deck Floor)
4.1.8. Comparison of Different Structural Floor Systems
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 LOADS ON SUPERSTRUCTURE AND THEIR STATISTICAL NATURE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEAD AND LIVE LOAD (IN GENERAL)
3. DYNAMIC LOAD DUE TO LIVE LOAD
3.1. Vibration
3.2. Strength
4. DESIGN LOAD FOR ROBUSTNESS
5. DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF A BUILDING IN ITS ENTIRETY
6. WIND LOAD
6.1 Basic Wind Pressure
6.2. Determination of Wind Speed
6.3. Wind Speed Variation with Height
6.4. Force Coefficients
6.5. Topographical Factor
6.6. Sheltering Effect
6.7 Size and Dynamic Factor
6.8. Cross Wind Effect
6.9. Torsional Effect
6.10. Design Wind Load Directions
6.11. Acceleration
6.12. Design Wind Loads Application on Buildings
6.13. Wind Loads on Building Elements
6.14. Wind Tunnel Test
7. SEISMIC LOAD
7.1. Origin of the Seismic Load
7.2 Territorial Seismicity, Seismic Records and Time History Analysis
7.3. Response Spectrum Method
7.4. Base Shear Method
7.5. Importance Factors
8. SOIL LOAD
9. SNOW LOAD
10. TEMPERATURE LOAD
11. SHRINKAGE AND CREEP LOAD IN CONCRETE STRUCTURE
12. LOAD COMBINATIONS
12.1 Load Combinations in Accordance with BS8110-1 [18]
12.2. ASCE 07-16 [5]
12.3. The Eurocode EN 1990 [32]
13. LOAD PATTERNS ON CONTINUOUS BEAM/SLAB
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 APPROACHES AND METHODS FOR ANALYSIS OF BUILDING STRUCTURE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMMON ASSUMPTIONS IN STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR BUILDINGS
2.1. Elastic Analysis - First-Order Linear with Small Deformations
2.2. Idealization of Structure
2.3. Rigid Joint and Semi-Rigid Joint Assumption
2.4. Sub-frame Approximation
2.5. Rigid Diaphragm/Semi-Rigid Diaphragm/Flexible Diaphragm
2.6. Design Method, Elastic vs. Plastic
3. A REVIEW OF THE PRE-COMPUTER ERA OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
3.1. Moment Distribution
3.2. Sub-frame Analysis
3.3. Distribution of Lateral Load under the Rigid/Flexible Diaphragm Assumption
3.4. Detail Lateral Load Analysis on Beam-Column Frame
3.5. Design Charts and Tables
4. THE CONCEPT OF LOAD PATH
5. SUB-FRAME ANALYSIS AND INCOMPATIBILITY OF DEFLECTION
6. FIRST ORDER LINEAR ANALYSIS, BUCKLING, P-∆ EFFECT, LARGE
DEFORMATION ANALYSIS
6.1 Buckling Analysis
6.2. P-- Effect
6.3. Large Deformation Analysis
7. THE PHENOMENON OF “BUILDING LEAN”
8. EFFECT OF CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
9. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD AND ITS LIMITATION
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 DUCTILITY, ROBUSTNESS, DURABILITY AND FIRE RESISTANCE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN BUILDINGS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DUCTILITY
2.1. General Ductility Requirements
2.2. Ductility Design Considerations of Reinforced Concrete Structure
2.3. Ductility Design Considerations of Structural Steel Structure
2.4. Further Consideration of Ductility
3. ROBUSTNESS
4. DURABILITY
4.1. Durability of a Reinforced Concrete Structure
4.2. Durability of Steel Structure
5. FIRE RESISTANCE
5.1. Fire Curves
5.2. Fire Resistance Rating and Fire Resistance Requirements
5.3. Design Approaches
5.4. Fire Resistance Design for Reinforced Concrete Structures
5.5. Fire Resistance Design for Steel Structures
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 CRITERIA FOR FOUNDATION OPTIONS SELECTION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. LOAD INTENSITY FROM THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
3. DEMAND FOR LIMITATION OF SETTLEMENT AND/OR DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT FROM THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
4. UNDERGROUND GEOLOGY
5. LIMITED EFFECTS ON ADJACENT STRUCTURES/INSTALLATIONS AND FEATURES
6. AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL KNOW-HOW
7. ECONOMY IN CONSTRUCTION
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 SHALLOW FOUNDATION ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
2.1 Different Failure Modes of Shallow Foundation on Soil
2.1.1. General Shear Failure
2.1.2. Local Shear Failure
2.1.3. Punching Shear Failure
2.2 Shallow Foundation Bearing Capacity on Soil
2.3. Use of Bearing Capacity Factors for Shallow Foundation Design
2.4 Use of Design Codes for Bearing Capacity Determination
3. REFINED ANALYSIS ON N
4. PLATE LOAD TEST
5. SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE OF A SHALLOW FOUNDATION
6. ELASTIC STRESS AND DISPLACEMENT FOR SIMPLE CASES
7. SETTLEMENT DETERMINATION
7.1. Foundation Settlement Calculation
8. CONSOLIDATION AND CREEP SETTLEMENT
8.1 Use of Sand Drain/Wick Drain/Vacuum Preloading to Accelerate Consolidation
8.2 Use of Foundation Codes for Assessment of Settlement
9. CLASSICAL RIGID DESIGN METHOD FOR SIMPLE FOOTING
10. WINKLER’S SPRING MODEL
11. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF RAFT FOUNDATION
11.1 Reinforcement Design for Raft Foundation (Wood-Armer [17,18])
11.2 Continuum Subgrade Model
11.3 Computer Modeling of a Complicated Raft Foundation in Hong Kong
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 PILE FOUNDATION ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
3. COMMON TYPES OF PILES AND INSTALLATION
3.1. Prefabricated Piles
3.2. Socket H Pile
3.3. Minipile
3.4. Bore Pile
3.5. PIP Pile
3.6 Barrette
4. SINGLE PILE UNDER VERTICAL LOAD - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
4.1. Steel Pile Installed by Driving or Jacking/Bore
4.2. Small Diameter Bore Pile Analysis
4.3. Large Diameter Bore Piles
4.4. Minipile
4.5. Shaft Grouted Piles
5. GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF PILE
5.1. Static Formula for Single Pile
5.2. Pile Group Vertical Capacity
6. LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS FOR PILE
6.1. Ultimate Analysis
7. SETTLEMENT OF SINGLE PILE AND PILE GROUP
8. CLASSICAL RIGID CAP METHOD
10. PILE DRIVING
10.1. Dynamic Formula
10.2. Wave Equation Method
11. NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION
12. PILE TESTS
12.1. Static Load Test on Pile
12.2. Pile Integrity Tests
12.2.1. Down-hole Techniques
12.2.2. Low-strain Echo Test
12.2.3. Typical Test Procedure
12.2.4. Vibration Test
12.2.5. Koden Test (Ultrasonic Echo Sounder Test)
12.2.6. Video Inspection Test
12.2.7. Large Strain Test
12.2.8. Coring and Sonic Tests to Bore Pile
CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 EXCAVATION AND LATERAL SUPPORT SYSTEM (ELS)
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPES OF RETAINING SYSTEMS
2.1. Sheet Pile Wall System
2.2. Soldier Pile Wall System
2.3. Caisson Wall System
2.4. Diaphragm Wall System
2.5. Secant Pile Wall System
2.6. Pipe Pile Wall System
2.7. PIP Wall System
3. METHOD OF EXCAVATION
3.1. Bottom-up Construction
3.2. Top Down Construction
4. LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE FOR THE ELS SYSTEM
4.1. At-rest Earth Pressure Coefficient
4.2. Rankine Earth Pressure
Author
- Y.M. Cheng
- C.W. Law
