+353-1-416-8900REST OF WORLD
+44-20-3973-8888REST OF WORLD
1-917-300-0470EAST COAST U.S
1-800-526-8630U.S. (TOLL FREE)

Plumbing Fixtures Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report by Product, Deployment (Residential, Commercial), Location (Bathroom, Kitchen), Application, Distribution Channel, Region, and Segment Forecasts, 2024-2030

  • PDF Icon

    Report

  • 80 Pages
  • October 2024
  • Region: Global
  • Grand View Research
  • ID: 6024686
The global plumbing fixtures market size is anticipated to reach USD 120.9 billion by 2030. The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% from 2024 to 2030. Increasing preference for washrooms and kitchens that are not only functional but also have an aesthetic appeal is expected to promote demand for plumbing fixtures. Furthermore, growing popularity of ceramic has propelled the working-class population to spend on beautifying one’s washrooms and kitchens.

In March 2019, American Standard, a leading provider of bathroom and kitchen fixtures, launched Genie hand showers for cities including Manila, Mumbai, Bangkok, and Jakarta. The hand shower features 120 micro spray holes that guarantees vigorous water flow even under low pressure. It has been designed to easily spot slime and mineral deposits and assist in frequent cleaning.

In February 2019, Moen Incorporated and Nebia jointly launched a new showerhead under the brand name, Nebia Spa Shower 2.0. The product is claimed to consume 65% less water in comparison to the conventional showerheads. Furthermore, the company utilizes a unique technology that atomizes water into millions of tint droplets, which enhance the surface area of water by ten folds. In comparison to its previous version, the product has been modified to offer warmer experience, better coverage, and improved water pressure.

Livin, a home appliance company, launched an affordable water saving digital shower in February 2018. The company has made endeavor to collaborate the new age technology with the classy design. The product is compatible with Google Home and Amazon Echo. The unique temperature control algorithm arranges the appropriate water temperature in the least possible amount of time. Livin also offers shower app, which helps the user in personalizing the temperature and time.

In January 2019, Kohler launched Numi 2.0 intelligent toilets with KOHLER Konnect. These advanced toilets offer personalized experience, wherein the users can fine-tune all the involved factors including light, music, seat temperature, along with hand free cleansing facilities with exceptional water efficiencies. Numi 2.0 delivers hands-free control, personalized cleansing functionality, and exceptional water efficiency. It is equipped and embedded with Amazon Alexa.

Plumbing Fixtures Market Report Highlights

  • Drains led the market and accounted for a share of 16.4% in 2023. Rapid urbanization, construction activities, and growing awareness of water conservation and sustainability drive the need for high-quality drain fixtures.
  • Commercial usage of fixtures dominated the market and accounted for a share of 51.4% in 2023. The ongoing new construction projects in hotels, restaurants, and office buildings require efficient plumbing systems.
  • Kitchen fixtures are expected to register the fastest growth of 4.6% over the forecast period, driven by changing consumer lifestyles and prioritizing multifunctionality and aesthetics.
  • North America plumbing fixtures market dominated the global market with a revenue share of 41.8% in 2023. Factors driving market growth in the region include rising urbanization, consumer demand for modern fixtures, and advancements in smart plumbing technologies.

Why should you buy this report?

  • Comprehensive Market Analysis: Gain detailed insights into the global market across major regions and segments
  • Competitive Landscape: Explore the market presence of key players worldwide
  • Future Trends: Discover the pivotal trends and drivers shaping the future of the global market
  • Actionable Recommendations: Utilize insights to uncover new revenue streams and guide strategic business decisions

This report addresses:

  • Market intelligence to enable effective decision-making
  • Market estimates and forecasts from 2018 to 2030
  • Growth opportunities and trend analyses
  • Segment and regional revenue forecasts for market assessment
  • Competition strategy and market share analysis
  • Product innovation listing for you to stay ahead of the curve
  • COVID-19's impact and how to sustain in these fast-evolving markets

The leading players in the Plumbing Fixtures market include:

  • American Bath Group
  • Colston Bath
  • Delta Faucet Company
  • Gerber Plumbing Fixtures LLC
  • GROHE
  • Kohler Co.
  • Moen Incorporated
  • Ferguson Enterprises, LLC.
  • TOTO LTD.


This product will be delivered within 1-3 business days.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Methodology and Scope
1.1. Market Segmentation and Scope
1.2. Market Definitions
1.3. Research Methodology
1.3.1. Information Procurement
1.3.2. Information or Data Analysis
1.3.3. Market Formulation & Data Visualization
1.3.4. Data Validation & Publishing
1.4. Research Scope and Assumptions
1.4.1. List of Data Sources
Chapter 2. Executive Summary
2.1. Market Outlook
2.2. Segment Outlook
2.3. Competitive Insights
Chapter 3. Plumbing Fixtures Market Variables, Trends, & Scope
3.1. Market Introduction/Lineage Outlook
3.2. Market Size and Growth Prospects (USD Million)
3.3. Market Dynamics
3.3.1. Market Drivers Analysis
3.3.2. Market Restraints Analysis
3.4. Plumbing Fixtures Market Analysis Tools
3.4.1. Porter’s Analysis
3.4.1.1. Bargaining power of the suppliers
3.4.1.2. Bargaining power of the buyers
3.4.1.3. Threats of substitution
3.4.1.4. Threats from new entrants
3.4.1.5. Competitive rivalry
3.4.2. PESTEL Analysis
3.4.2.1. Political landscape
3.4.2.2. Economic and Social landscape
3.4.2.3. Technological landscape
3.4.2.4. Environmental landscape
3.4.2.5. Legal landscape
Chapter 4. Consumer Behavior Analysis
4.1. Demographic Analysis
4.2. Consumer Trends & Preferences
4.3. Factors Influencing Buying Decisions
4.4. Consumer Product Adoption Trends
4.5. Observations & Recommendations
Chapter 5. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Product Estimates & Trend Analysis
5.1. Segment Dashboard
5.2. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Product Movement Analysis, USD Million, 2023 & 2030
5.3. Bathtub
5.3.1. Bathtub Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.4. Sinks
5.4.1. Sinks Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.5. Toilets
5.5.1. Toilets Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.6. Showers
5.6.1. Showers Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.7. Faucets & Taps
5.7.1. Faucets & Taps Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.8. Drains
5.8.1. Drains Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
5.9. Others
5.9.1. Others Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 6. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Deployment Estimates & Trend Analysis
6.1. Segment Dashboard
6.2. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Deployment Movement Analysis, USD Million, 2023 & 2030
6.3. Residential
6.3.1. Residential Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
6.4. Commercial
6.4.1. Commercial Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 7. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Location Estimates & Trend Analysis
7.1. Segment Dashboard
7.2. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Location Movement Analysis, USD Million, 2023 & 2030
7.3. Bathroom
7.3.1. Bathroom Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.4. Kitchen
7.4.1. Kitchen Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
7.5. Others
7.5.1. Others Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 8. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Application Estimates & Trend Analysis
8.1. Segment Dashboard
8.2. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Application Movement Analysis, USD Million, 2023 & 2030
8.3. New Construction
8.3.1. New Construction Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
8.4. Repair & Remodel
8.4.1. Repair & Remodel Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 9. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Distribution Channel Estimates & Trend Analysis
9.1. Segment Dashboard
9.2. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Distribution Channel Movement Analysis, USD Million, 2023 & 2030
9.3. Online
9.3.1. Online Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
9.4. Offline
9.4.1. Offline Market Revenue Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 10. Plumbing Fixtures Market: Regional Estimates & Trend Analysis
10.1. Plumbing Fixtures Market Share, By Region, 2023 & 2030, USD Million
10.2. North America
10.2.1. North America Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.2.2. U.S.
10.2.2.1. U.S. Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.2.3. Canada
10.2.3.1. Canada Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.2.4. Mexico
10.2.4.1. Mexico Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.3. Europe
10.3.1. Europe Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.3.2. UK
10.3.2.1. UK Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.3.3. Germany
10.3.3.1. Germany Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.3.4. France
10.3.4.1. France Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.3.5. Italy
10.3.5.1. Italy Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.3.6. Spain
10.3.6.1. Spain Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.4. Asia Pacific
10.4.1. Asia Pacific Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.4.2. China
10.4.2.1. China Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.4.3. Japan
10.4.3.1. Japan Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.4.4. India
10.4.4.1. India Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.5. Latin America
10.5.1. Latin America Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.5.2. Brazil
10.5.2.1. Brazil Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.5.3. Argentina
10.5.3.1. Argentina Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.6. Middle East and Africa
10.6.1. Middle East and Africa Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.6.2. South Africa
10.6.2.1. South Africa Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
10.6.3. UAE
10.6.3.1. UAE Plumbing Fixtures Market Estimates and Forecasts, 2018 - 2030 (USD Million)
Chapter 11. Competitive Landscape
11.1. Recent Developments & Impact Analysis by Key Market Participants
11.2. Company Categorization
11.3. Company Heat Map Analysis
11.4. Company Profiles
11.4.1. American Bath Group
11.4.1.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.1.2. Financial Performance
11.4.1.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.1.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
11.4.2. Colston Bath
11.4.2.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.2.2. Financial Performance
11.4.2.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.2.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
11.4.3. Delta Faucet Company
11.4.3.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.3.2. Financial Performance
11.4.3.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.3.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
11.4.4. Gerber Plumbing Fixtures LLC
11.4.4.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.4.2. Financial Performance
11.4.4.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.4.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
11.4.5. GROHE
11.4.5.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.5.2. Financial Performance
11.4.5.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.5.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
11.4.6. Kohler Co.
11.4.6.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.6.2. Financial Performance
11.4.6.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.6.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
11.4.7. Moen Incorporated
11.4.7.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.7.2. Financial Performance
11.4.7.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.7.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
11.4.8. Ferguson Enterprises, LLC.
11.4.8.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.8.2. Financial Performance
11.4.8.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.8.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
11.4.9. TOTO LTD.
11.4.9.1. Participant’s Overview
11.4.9.2. Financial Performance
11.4.9.3. Product Benchmarking
11.4.9.4. Recent Developments/Strategic Initiatives
List of Tables
1. Plumbing Fixtures - Key market driver analysis
2. Plumbing Fixtures - Key market restraint analysis
3. Global bathtub plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
4. Global sinks plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
5. Global toilets plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
6. Global showers plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
7. Global faucets & taps plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
8. Global drains plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
9. Global others plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
10. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for residential, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
11. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for commercial, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
12. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for bathroom, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
13. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for kitchen, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
14. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for others, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
15. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for new construction, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
16. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for repair & remodel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
17. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for online, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
18. Global plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast for offline, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
19. North America plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
20. North America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
21. North America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
22. North America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
23. North America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
24. North America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
25. U.S. plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
26. U.S. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
27. U.S. bathtub plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by segment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
28. U.S. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
29. U.S. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
30. U.S. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
31. U.S. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
32. Europe plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
33. Europe plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
34. Europe plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
35. Europe plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
36. Europe plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
37. Europe plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
38. Germany plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
39. Germany plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
40. Germany plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
41. Germany plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
42. Germany plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
43. Germany plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
44. U.K. plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
45. U.K. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
46. U.K. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
47. U.K. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
48. U.K. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
49. U.K. plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
50. Asia Pacific plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
51. Asia Pacific plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
52. Asia Pacific plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
53. Asia Pacific plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
54. Asia Pacific plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
55. Asia Pacific plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
56. India plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
57. India plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
58. India plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
59. India plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
60. India plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
61. India plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
62. China plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
63. China plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
64. China plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
65. China plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
66. China plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
67. China plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
68. Central & South America plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
69. Central & South America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
70. Central & South America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
71. Central & South America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
72. Central & South America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
73. Central & South America plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
74. Brazil plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
75. Brazil plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
76. Brazil plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
77. Brazil plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
78. Brazil plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
79. Brazil plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
80. Middle East & Africa plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
81. Middle East & Africa plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
82. Middle East & Africa plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
83. Middle East & Africa plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
84. Middle East & Africa plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
85. Middle East & Africa plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
86. UAE plumbing fixtures market estimates and forecast, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
87. UAE plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by product, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
88. UAE plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by deployment, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
89. UAE plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by location, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
90. UAE plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by application, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
91. UAE plumbing fixtures market revenue estimates and forecast by distribution channel, 2018 - 2030 (USD Billion)
92. Vendor landscape
List of Figures
1. Plumbing fixtures market snapshot
2. Plumbing fixtures market segmentation & scope
3. Plumbing fixtures market penetration & growth prospect mapping
4. Plumbing fixtures value chain analysis
5. Plumbing fixtures market dynamics
6. Plumbing fixtures market Porter's analysis
7. Plumbing fixtures market: Product movement analysis
8. Plumbing fixtures market: Deployment movement analysis
9. Plumbing fixtures market: Location movement analysis
10. Plumbing fixtures market: Application movement analysis
11. Plumbing fixtures market: Distribution Channel movement analysis
12. Plumbing fixtures market: Regional movement analysis

Companies Mentioned

  • American Bath Group
  • Colston Bath
  • Delta Faucet Company
  • Gerber Plumbing Fixtures LLC
  • GROHE
  • Kohler Co.
  • Moen Incorporated
  • Ferguson Enterprises, LLC.
  • TOTO LTD.

Methodology

Loading
LOADING...

Table Information