Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices. Edition No. 6

Table of Contents

Section 1 Basics

• 1 Orthotic Prescription

• Terminology

• Evaluation of the Patient

• Orthotic Prescription

• Case Scenario and Orthotic Prescription Recommendation

• 2 Materials Science

• Understanding Material Science to Maximize Patient Safety

• Imperial and Metric Conversions

• Strength and Stress

• Moment of Inertia

• Metals

• Steel and Aluminum Alloys

• Strengthening Aluminum and Steel

• Preventing Failure and Maximizing Patient Safety

• Fastening Components

• Plastics and Composites

• Thermosetting Plastics

• Thermoforming Plastics

• 3 Principles of Fabrication

• Data Collection: Measurements, Impressions, and Scans

• Thermoplastic Materials

• Thermoset Lamination Techniques

• Computer-Aided Design

• Computer-Aided Manufacturing: Model Carving and Additive Manufacturing

• 4 Principles of Normal and Pathologic Gait

• Normal Human Gait

• Pathologic Gait

Section 2 Spinal Orthoses

• 5 Biomechanics of the Spine

• Spinal Orthoses

• Spinal Stability Under Stress

• Spinal Instability

• Biomechanics of Surgical Decompression and Stabilization

• 6 Principles and Components of Spinal Orthoses

• Semirigid Spinal Orthoses (Corsets)

• Rigid Spinal Orthoses

• Cervical Orthoses

• Orthoses for Spinal Deformity

• 7 Orthoses for Spinal Pain

• Orthoses in Low Back Pain

• Cervical Orthoses

• 8 Orthoses for Spinal Deformities

• Scoliosis

• 9 Orthoses for Spinal Trauma and Postoperative Care

• Historical Perspective

• Cervical Spinal Trauma

• Thoracolumbar Spinal Trauma

• Postoperative Care

• Current Issues and Research

• 10 Orthoses for Osteoporosis

• Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis

• Overview of Vertebral Compression Fractures

• Orthoses for Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures

• Orthotic Management of Osteoporosis

• Best Practices

• Supporting Evidence

Section 3 Upper Limb Orthoses

• 11 Biomechanics of the Upper Limb

• Motion

• Stability

• Strength

• 12 Principles and Components of Upper Limb Orthoses

• Clinical Principles of Upper Limb Orthotic Management

• Design Principles for Upper Limb Orthoses

• Team-Based Approach to Orthotic Management

• Clinical Use and Training

• 13 Upper Limb Orthoses for the Stroke- and Brain-Injured Patient

• General Principles

• Treatment Options for Temporary Control of Spasticity

• Causes of Limited Joint Motion

• General Classification of Orthoses

• Uses of Orthotic Devices

• 14 Upper Limb Orthoses for Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries and Brachial Plexus Injuries

• Spinal Cord Injury

• Brachial Plexus Injuries

• 15 Orthoses for the Burned Hand

• Pathophysiology

• Initial Assessment

• Treatment and Recommendations

• Orthotic Management

• Best Practices in the Treatment of Specific Complications of Burned Hands

• 16 Orthotic Treatment Considerations for Arthritis and Overuse Syndromes in the Upper Limb

• Section I Orthotic Treatment Considerations for Arthritis in the Upper Limb

• Section II Orthotic Treatment Considerations for Overuse Syndromes in the Upper Limb

• 17 Functional Bracing of Selected Upper Limb Fractures

• Functional Bracing of Diaphyseal Humeral Fractures

• Functional Bracing of Diaphyseal Ulnar Fractures

• Functional Casting and Bracing of Distal Radius Fractures

Section 4 Lower Limb Orthoses

• 18 Biomechanics of the Hip, Knee, and Ankle

• Basic Biomechanical Principles

• Application of Biomechanical Principles to Normal and Pathologic Gait

• Application of Biomechanical Principles to Orthoses

• Relevance of Biomechanical Principles to Total Patient Management

• 19 Foot Biomechanics

• Anatomy

• Motion

• Open and Closed Chain Motion

• Foot Stability

• Gait

• Surgical Considerations in the Correction of Foot Deformities

• Musculotendinous Considerations

• Bony Procedures

• 20 Shoes and Shoe Modifications

• Essence of Footwear

• Anatomy of the Foot

• Anatomy of the Shoe

• Purpose of Footwear

• Importance of Proper Fit

• Choosing the Right Footwear

• Various Shoe Types and Going Shoeless

• Shoe Construction

• Functional Orthotics and Accommodative Orthotics

• Orthotics and Technology

• Technology Ideas and Advances

• 21 Foot Orthoses

• Evaluation

• Impression-Taking Techniques

• Design

• Materials

• Components of the Foot Orthosis

• 22 Lower Limb Orthoses

• Foot Orthoses

• Ankle-Foot Orthoses

• Knee Orthoses

• Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses

• Hip Orthoses

• Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthoses

• Pediatric Orthoses

• Specialty Lower Extremity Orthoses

• 23 Lower Limb Orthoses for Persons With Spinal Cord Injury

• Evaluation

• Clinical Examination

• Walking Recovery

• Orthoses and the Compensation-Based Approach

• 24 Orthoses in Total Joint Arthroplasty

• Orthoses After Total Hip Arthroplasty

• Orthoses After Total Knee Arthroplasty

• 25 Knee Orthoses for Sports-Related Issues

• Knee Joint Biomechanics

• Orthosis Design

• Clinical Relevance

• Historical Perspective

• Ligamentous Injuries

• Osteoarthritis

• Patellofemoral Pain

• 26 Orthotic Management of Neuropathic and Dysvascular Feet

• Peripheral Neuropathy

• Examination

• Documentation

• Prevention and Patient Education

• Orthotic Treatment Interventions

• Peripheral Vascular Disease

• 27 Orthotic Management of Polio and Postpolio Syndrome

• Pathophysiology

• Historical Perspective

• Current Issues

• Current Research

• Treatment Recommendations

• Orthotic Management

• Best Practices

• 28 Lower Limb Orthoses for Persons Who Have Had a Stroke

• Pathophysiology

• Epidemiology

• Key Issues

• Orthotic Treatment Recommendations

• Orthotic Management

• Current Research

• 29 Assessment and Orthotic Management of Gait Dysfunction in Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury

• Normal Locomotion

• Lower Limb Orthoses

Section 5 Pediatric Orthoses

• 30 Congenital and Acquired Disorders

• Physiologic Development and Alignment (Genu Varum and Valgum)

• Congenital Foot Deformities

• 31 Pediatric Hip Orthoses

• Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

• Legg-Calv�-Perthes Disease

• Cerebral Palsy

• Lower-Extremity Weakness or Paralysis

• Postoperative Hip Orthoses

• 32 Orthoses for the Muscle Disease Patient

• Orthotic Treatment Interventions

• 33 Orthoses for Cerebral Palsy

• Pathophysiology

• Historical Perspective

• Current Research

• Treatment Recommendations

• Orthotic Management

• Ankle-Foot Orthosis-Footwear Combination Tuning

• Functional Electrical Stimulation

• Computer-Aided Design, Computer-Aided Manufacturing, and 3D-Printing Applications for Orthotics and Prosthetics

• Best Practice

• 34 Orthoses for Myelomeningocele

• Thoracic/High Lumbar Levels

• Midlumbar to Low Lumbar Level

• High Sacral Level

• Low Sacral Level

• 35 Cranial Remolding Orthoses

• Pathophysiology

• Historical Perspective

• Current Issues

• Current Research

• Treatment Recommendations

• Orthotic Management

• Craniosynostosis: Orthotic Management

• Treatment Outcomes

• Best Practices

Section 6 Assistive Devices

• 36 Canes, Crutches, and Walkers

• Canes

• Crutches

• Walkers

• Measuring Assistive Devices

• Gait Patterns

• Biomechanics of Assistive Devices

• Energy Expenditure

• Benefits of Assistive Devices

• Complications of Assistive Devices

• 37 Wheeled Mobility

• Seating Evaluation

• Postural Evaluation: Fixed or Flexible?

• Accommodation Versus Correction of Deformity

• Types of Seating Systems

• Cushion Selection

• Pressure Mapping

• 38 Wheeled Mobility

• Wheeled Mobility Clinic Team

• Manual Wheeled Mobility

• Powered Wheeled Mobility

• Transportation

• Wheelchair Skills Training

• 39 Wheelchair and Assistive Device Considerations for Remote Settings

• Benefits of Wheelchairs and Assistive Devices

• Provision

• Demand and Needs

• Barriers

• Removing Barriers and Increasing Access

• 40 Communication Devices and Electronic Aids to Activities of Daily Living

• Evaluation

• Interdisciplinary Team

• Funding

• Access

• Scanning

• Augmentative and Alternative Communication

• Electronic Aids to Daily Living

• Integration of Equipment

• Training

• Reevaluation

• Future of Technology

• 41 Sports Adaptations and Assistive Devices for Recreation

• General Exercise Considerations

• Activity and Sport Specific Considerations

• All-Terrain Vehicles

• Archery

• Basketball and Rugby

• Billiards

• Bowling

• Cycling

• Equestrian Sports

• Fencing

• Fishing

• Golf

• Hunting and Shooting

• Sled Hockey

• Paddling Sports

• Power Soccer

• Sailing

• Scuba Diving

• Snow Skiing

• Softball

• Swimming

• Table Tennis

• Tai Chi

• Tennis

• Track and Field

• 42 Driving and Related Assistive Devices

• Driver Evaluation

• Driver Training

• Fitting and Orientation

• Vehicle Selection

• Predrive

• Upper Torso Support

• Driving Controls

• Special Precautions

• 43 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Applications

• Upper Limb Applications

• Lower Limb Applications

• 44 Exoskeletal Assisted Rehabilitation After Spinal Cord Injury

• Classification of Spinal Cord Injury

• Effects of Lack of Weight-Bearing on a Person With Spinal Cord Injury

• Exoskeleton Training Protocols

• 45 Future Trends and Research in Orthoses

• Stance Control Devices

• Powered Devices

• Functional Electrical Stimulation Systems

• Emerging Technologies

Authors

Douglas P. Murphy RAC Medical Director, Central Virginia Veterans Health Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA. Dr. Douglas Murphy is a highly respected Medical Director of the Regional Amputation Center Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center in Richmond VA. Co-editor of our key text on 'Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices', Dr Murphy is an expert in the field of robotic rehabilitation. His research interests include Brain Computer Interface and Prosthetics, Amputee Gait Deviations, Telemedicine, Prosthetics, and EMG. Joseph B. Webster Director, Amputation Care, Clinician, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA. Joseph B. Webster is Director, Amputation Care, Clinician, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia. William Lovegreen Prosthetist-Orthotist Regional Clinical Director, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Veterans Administration, Richmond, VA. William Lovegreen is Prosthetist-Orthotist Regional Clinical Director, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Veterans Administration, Richmond, VA.