Increasing population, environmental pollution, rampant industrialization, and scarcity of water are all major global threats. Significant amounts of pollutants are released from various industries such as textile, paper, leather, rubber, plastic, cosmetics, food, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum industries. A lack of proper treatment facilities has proliferated the discharge of effluents enriched with toxic pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, organic compounds, and other hazardous chemicals in the environment. Water is a natural treasure and availability of safe and clean water is essential for human health, ecosystems, and sustainable development. The continuous decline of the groundwater table and deterioration of water quality are matters of serious concern. The presence of color in water poses a serious threat to the environment, affecting light penetration and reducing photosynthesis and dissolved oxygen. Most dyes and heavy metals are toxic in nature, which may cause skin irritation, allergies, respiratory disease, mental disorders, tumors, and cancer. Different physical and chemical methods are available for the treatment of industrial effluents but due to their high cost, low efficiency, and sludge generation, these methods are not feasible at large scale.
The synergistic approaches of biochar and microbes have an edge over other techniques, including being eco-friendly, cost-competitive and efficient, achieving complete mineralization, and showing low-waste production. Therefore, the combined application of biochar and microbes for pollutant degradation can be a viable option as it is a low-cost and sustainable effluent treatment system for industries. Green Technologies for Industrial Contaminants provides useful information and applications of microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi) and biochar for the removal of contaminants from industrial effluent and reutilization of waste sludge in the production of biofuel and bioenergy.
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Membrane-Assisted Technologies for Treating Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewater 1
Richa Aggrawal, Jitender Dhiman, Anshu, Shrutikona Das, Kumar Anupam and Ashwani Kumar Dixit
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Membrane-Based Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 8
1.3 Membrane Classification 13
1.4 Application of Membrane Technology in the Pulp and Paper Industry 15
1.5 Conclusion 22
2 Review of Recent Advances in Hazardous Waste Management of Chemical and Textile Industries Using Microbial-Assisted/Algae-Based Technologies 27
Bibhab Kumar Lodh
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Different Types of Waste from Chemical and Textile Industries 33
2.3 Microalgae and their Various Uses 33
2.4 Waste Treatment Using Microbial-Assisted/Algae-Based Technologies 35
2.5 Mechanisms of Remediation and the Factors which Influence them 38
2.6 Application of Various Bioremediation in Managing Industrial Pollution 41
2.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects for Waste Treatment Using Algae-Based Biomass 42
3 Environmental Contaminants: Sources, Types and Future Challenges: An Update 51
Ravi Kumar Gangwar, Neha Singh, Pashupati Nath, Anamika Agarwal and Jaspal Singh
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Algal and Cyanobacterial Toxins 54
3.3 Novel Brominated Flame Retardants 56
3.4 Disinfection by-Products 57
3.5 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) 62
3.6 Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) 64
3.7 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 66
3.8 Surfactants and Their Metabolites 69
3.9 Benzotriazoles and Dioxane 71
3.10 Plasticizers and Pesticides 73
3.11 Consequences of Current Trends of Environmental Contaminants 76
3.12 Future Challenges 77
4 Efficacy of Microbes in the Removal of Pesticides from Watershed System 83
Prasann Kumar, Debjani Choudhury and Padmanabh Dwivedi
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Remediation of Pesticides through the Biological Pathway--A Green and Prospective Approach 88
4.3 Enzymatic Degradation of Pesticide 90
4.4 Mechanism and Molecular Advancement of Pesticide Degradation 96
4.5 In-Vitro Treatment Using Microbial Consortium 105
5 Emerging Environmental Contaminants: Sources, Consequences and Future Challenges 119
Neetu Talreja, Chitrakara Hegde, Enamala Manoj Kumar and Murthy Chavali
5.1 Introduction to Environmental Contaminants 120
5.2 Sources of Environmental Contaminants 123
5.3 Emerging Micro-Pollutants from Various Sources 127
5.4 Consequences of Emerging Environmental Contaminants 130
5.5 Contaminations and Their Routes 138
5.6 Types of Environmental Contaminants 140
5.7 Conclusion 143
6 Microbial Degradation of Textile Dyes: A Sustainable Approach for Treatment of Industrial Effluents 151
Shivanshi Tyagi, Rachana Singh and Riti Thapar Kapoor
6.1 Introduction 152
6.2 Textile Dyes 153
6.3 Toxicity of Textile Dyes 154
6.4 Decolourization and Degradation of Textile Dyes 155
6.5 Microbial Degradation of Dyes 157
6.6 Fungal Dye Degradation 158
6.7 Dye Degradation by Fungal Consortia 162
6.8 Dye Degradation by Co-Microbial Cultures (Bacterial-Fungal Consortia) 162
6.9 Recent Advances and Future Prospects 163
6.10 Conclusion 164
7 Environmental Cleanup: Xenobiotic Degradation with Enzymes as Decontaminating Agents 171
Sonia Sethi and Gokulendra Singh Bhatti
7.1 Introduction 172
7.2 Classification of Xenobiotics 172
7.3 Catabolic Enzymes of Degradation Pathways 176
7.4 Hydrocarbon Degradation 177
7.5 Bioremediation Potential of Microorganisms for Xenobiotic Compounds 178
7.6 Enzymes 182
7.7 Conclusion 196
8 Removal of Microplastics from Wastewater: An Approach towards a Sustainable Ecosystem 203
Neha Rana and Piyush Gupta
8.1 Introduction 204
8.2 Detection Methods for MPs 206
8.3 Removal Techniques for MPs 210
8.4 Recent Techniques for Removal of MPs 217
8.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 220
8.6 Conclusion 220
9 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Current Technologies for Removal from Aqueous Systems 225
Neha Rana and Piyush Gupta
9.1 Introduction 226
9.2 Common Forms of EDCs 228
9.3 Wastewater Treatment and EDCs Removal 230
9.4 Treatment Technologies for EDCs 231
9.5 Future Prospects 241
9.6 Conclusion 242
10 Current Status on Emerging Soil Applications of Biochar 247
Piyush Gupta and Neha Rana
10.1 Introduction 247
10.2 Biochar and Its Contents 250
10.3 Potential of Biochar to Influence Different Chemical Properties of Soil 251
10.4 Pyrolyzing Conditions, Nutrient Supplying Capacity, and Decomposition of Biochar 255
10.5 Impact of Biochar on Physical and Hydrological Properties of Soil 256
10.6 Effect of Biochar on Soil Biological Properties and Greenhouse Gases Emission 260
10.7 Influence of Biochar on Crop Yields 265
10.8 Biochar as a Slow Release Fertilizer 266
10.9 Conclusion 268
11 Microalgal Biorefineries: An Ingenious Framework towards Wastewater Treatment Coupled with Biofuel Production 277
Poulomi Ghosh and Saprativ P. Das
11.1 Introduction 277
11.2 Microalgal Cultivation System 279
11.3 Generation of Value-Added Products Deploying Microalgae 285
11.4 Biorefinery Development through Microalgae 290
11.5 Microalgae-Mediated Wastewater Treatment 295
11.6 Integrated Wastewater Treatment and Algal Biofuel Production 298
11.7 Future Prospects 304
11.8 Conclusions 306
12 Plastic Pollution: Microbial Degradation of Plastic Waste 311
Sushma Rani Tirkey, Remojit Biswas, Trisha Rajsi Topno, Aswathi K., Nagachandra Reddy C., Shristi Ram and Dineshkumar Ramalingam
12.1 Introduction 312
12.2 Plastic Degradation Methods 314
12.3 Mechanism Involved in Plastic Degradation 331
12.4 Genetic Engineering for Plastic Degradation 333
12.5 Conclusion 335
References 335
Index 349
