Filling a gap in the literature for a focus on industrial photochemical processes and applications, this textbook also discusses the changes to equipment if process chemists and engineers use light and radiation in their production processes.
The author team combines industrial and academic expertise, providing the knowledge vital to chemists, engineers, material scientists and biologists working in the field.
The author team combines industrial and academic expertise, providing the knowledge vital to chemists, engineers, material scientists and biologists working in the field.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Applied and Industrial Photochemistry2 Photochemical and Photophysical Processes and Their Function in Industrial Applications
2.1 Use of Optical Irradiation for Photochemistry in Applied and Industrial Processes
2.1.1 Availability of Optical Irradiation
2.1.2 Optical Irradiation for Applied and Industrial Photoprocesses
2.1.3 Absorption Law under Industrial Exposure Conditions
2.1.4 Scattering in Photochemical Industrial Manufacturing
2.2 Photophysical Primary Processes in Applied and Industrial Processes
2.2.1 General Remarks about Photophysical Processes in Industrial Applications
2.2.2 Linear Absorption
2.2.3 Nonlinear Absorption
2.2.4 Triplet States
2.2.5 Nonradiative Deactivation
2.2.6 Radiative Deactivation
2.2.7 Excimers and Exciplexes
2.2.8 Energy Transfer and Spectral Sensitization
2.2.9 Dimers, Trimers and Aggregates
2.3 Photochemical Reactions in Applied and Industrial Processes
2.3.1 General Remarks about Photochemical Reactions in Industrial Applications
2.3.2 Photofragmentation
2.3.3 Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Spectral Sensitization
2.3.4 Photocycloaddition
2.3.5 Photochromism
2.3.6 Singlet Oxygen
2.3.7 Chemiluminescence
2.3.8 Photoconductivity
2.3.9 Photoinhibition/Photostabilization
3 Light sources
3.1 Conventional Light Sources
3.2 Laser
3.3 Light Emitting Diode
3.4 Solar Energy
4 Photoinduced Synthesis from a Technological Point of View
4.1 Exposure Condition in Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Systems
4.1.1 Photochemistry in Batch Reactors
4.1.2 Photochemistry in Thin–Layer Reactors
4.1.3 Exposure of Thin Films
4.1.4 Photochemistry in Microreactors
4.2 Industrial Applications
4.2.1 Photohalogenation
4.2.2 Photonitrosation
4.2.3 Photosulfochlorination and Photosulphoxidation
4.2.4 Photooxidation
4.2.5 Photochemical Ring Opening
5 Photopolymers
5.1 Direct Photocrosslinking
5.1.1 General Principle
5.1.2 Industrial Importance
5.2 Radical Photopolymerization
5.2.1 General Principle
5.2.2 Photoinitiators
5.2.3 Monomers
5.2.4 Additives and Fillers
5.2.5 Characterization of Photopolymers
5.2.6 Applied and Industrial Applications of Photopolymers
5.3 Cationic Photopolymerization
5.3.1 General Principle
5.3.2 Photoinitiators
5.3.3 Monomers
5.3.4 Additives and Fillers
5.3.5 Characterization of Photopolymers
5.3.6 Applied and Industrial Applications of Photopolymers
5.3.7 Hybrid Systems
5.4 Base Catalyzed Induced Photopolymerization
5.4.1 General Principle
5.4.2 Photoinitiatores
5.4.3 Monomers
5.4.4 Additives and Fillers
5.4.5 Characterization of Photopolymers
5.4.6 Applied and Industrial Applications of Photopolymers
5.4.7 Hybrid Systems
6 Information Recording and Information Storage
6.1 Exposure Techniques
6.1.1 Mask Techniques
6.1.2 Mask–less Techniques and Digital Exposure
6.2 Characterization of Information Recording Systems
6.2.1 Gradation
6.2.2 Modulation Transfer Function
6.2.3 Spatial Resolution
6.3 Information Recording Systems Based on Silver Halides
6.3.1 Photographic Process
6.3.2 Black and White Photography
6.3.3 Color Photography
6.3.4 Manufacturing of Information Recording Materials based on Silver Halide Systems
6.3.5 Applied and Industrial Applications
6.4 Information Systems without Silver Halides
6.4.1 Diazo Systems
6.4.2 Azide Systems
6.4.3 Autogene Systems
6.4.4 Photopolymers
6.4.5 Applied and Industrial Applications
6.5 Optical Data Storage
6.5.1 Holography
6.5.2 Prerecorded Optical Data Storage Media
6.5.3 Recordable Optical Data Storage Media
6.5.4 Rewritable Optical Data Storage Media
6.5.5 Magneto–optical Data Storage Media
6.5.6 Applied and Industrial Applications
7 Lithography
7.1 Characterization of Photolithographic Systems
7.2 Etching
7.3 Ablation
7.4 Macrolithography
7.5 Microlithography and Stereolithography
7.6 Nanolithography
7.7 Applied and Industrial Applications
8 Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
8.1 General Principle and Construction of OLEDs
8.1.1 One–Layer OLED
8.1.2 Multi–Layer OLED
8.1.3 Quantification of Photophysical and Photochemical Processes
8.2 Materials
8.2.1 Electrode Materials
8.2.2 Emitter Materials
8.2.3 Hole Transporting Materials
8.2.4 Encapsulation Materials
8.3 Industrial Applications and Future Trends
9 Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy
9.1 Principles
9.1.1 Conversion into Heat
9.1.2 Conversion into Chemical Energy
9.1.3 Conversion into Electrical Energy
9.2 Construction of Solar Cells
9.2.1 Inorganic Systems
9.2.2 Organic Systems
9.3 Reliability and Future Trends
10 Other Applications
10.1 Photodynamic Therapy
10.2 Photochemistry in Forensic Sciences
10.3 Optical Filters
10.4 Optical Brightener
10.5 Green Photochemistry
11 Appendix
11.1 Units
11.2 Conversions
