Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgment ix
1 Introduction: Facing Global Realities 1
Facing Global Realities 1
Food Systems 4
Food Safety Systems 7
Supply Connecting with Demand 9
Comparing Food Safety Systems 12
Methodology for the First Two Surveys 14
Limitations 15
Highlights 19
2 How Was Canada Doing in 2010? A Comparative Analysis 21
How Was Canada Doing? A Comparative Analysis 21
Highlights 22
Consumer Affairs 23
Biosecurity 23
Governance and Recall 23
Traceability and Management 24
How Canada Got Here 24
Industry and the Canadian Government 30
Industry and the United States 34
Beyond BSE: Food Safety and Trades 35
3 Consumer Affairs 41
Connecting with the consumer 41
Analysis of Ranking Data 42
Incidences of Reported Illness by Foodborne Pathogens 42
Rates of Inspections and Audits 46
Food Safety Education Programs 49
Labeling and Indications of Allergens 50
Ease of Access to Public Health Information 52
Investigation on Consumer Affairs 53
Incidences of Reported Illness by Foodborne Pathogens 53
Rates of Inspections and Audits 56
Food Safety Education Programs 56
Labeling and Indications of Allergens 57
Discussion 57
4 Biosecurity 63
Bioterrorism 66
Analysis of Ranking Data 68
Rate of Use of Agricultural Chemicals 68
Bioterrorism Strategy 70
Investigation on Biosecurity 72
Rate of Use of Agricultural Chemicals 72
Discussion 75
5 Governance and Recalls 85
Governance and Recalls in the Food Safety Performance World Ranking Initiative 87
Existence of Risk Management Plans 88
Analysis of Ranking Data 88
Level of Clarity and Stability of Food Recall Regulations 90
Number of Protectionist Measures Against Trading Partners 92
Number of Recalls 94
Investigation on Governance and Recalls 96
Existence of Risk Management Plans 96
Level of Clarity and Stability of Food Recall Regulations 98
Number of Protectionist Measures Against Trading Partners 100
Number of Recalls 100
Discussion 101
6 Traceability and Management 107
Traceability and Management in the Food Safety Performance World Ranking Initiative 107
Analysis of Ranking Data 109
Depth of Traceability Systems in Food Chain 109
Investigation on Traceability and Management 111
Discussion 114
Canada’s Traceability Unpacked 116
The Role of Business: Top–Down or Bottom–Up Traceability 118
2008 Listeriosis Outbreak 119
2003 BSE Cow 121
Traceability and Trade 124
Technology and the Future 125
7 The 2014 Survey 129
A New Approach 129
Purpose 130
Methodology 131
Food Safety Risk Assessment 132
Chemical Risks 133
Microbial Risks 136
National Food Consumption Reporting 144
Inspections and Audits 148
Food Safety Risk Management 148
National Food Safety Response Capacity 149
Food Recalls 151
Food Traceability 154
Radionuclide Standards 155
Food Safety Risk Communication 157
Allergenic Risks and Labeling 158
Public Trust 160
National Food Safety System Performances Compared 161
What This New 2014 Version Means 162
8 The Future of Global Food Safety Systems and Risk Intelligence 167
Changing Agricultural Production Strategies 168
One Earth Farms 169
Terroir Potential 171
Possible Effects on Global Food Safety Systems 173
Other Policy and Managerial Implications 174
On the Question of GMOs 176
Assessment of Current and Evolving Systemic Risks in Food Safety 185
Increased Global Trade 185
Taking Everyone Off the Farm in an Era of Rapid Change 187
Shifting Food Safety Responsibilities Between Public and Private Sectors 190
Risk Aversion 191
References 193
Index 213
