This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research and standardization progress towards the 5th generation (5G) of mobile communications technology and beyond. It covers a wide range of topics from 5G use cases and their requirements, to spectrum, 5G end-to-end (E2E) system architecture including core network (CN), transport network (TN) and radio access network (RAN) architecture, network slicing, security and network management. It further dives into the detailed functional design and the evaluation of different 5G concepts, and provides details on planned trials and pre-commercial deployments across the globe. While the book naturally captures the latest agreements in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) Release 15, it goes significantly beyond this by describing the likely developments towards the final 5G system that will ultimately utilize a wide range of spectrum bands, address all envisioned 5G use cases, and meet or exceed the International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) requirements for the year 2020 and beyond (IMT-2020).
5G System Design: Architectural and Functional Considerations and Long Term Research is based on the knowledge and consensus from 158 leading researchers and standardization experts from 54 companies or institutes around the globe, representing key mobile network operators, network vendors, academic institutions and regional bodies for 5G. Different from earlier books on 5G, it does not focus on single 5G technology components, but describes the full 5G system design from E2E architecture to detailed functional design, including details on 5G performance, implementation and roll-out.
Table of Contents
Contributor List xvii
Foreword 1 xxiii
Foreword 2 xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
List of Abbreviations xxix
Part 1 Introduction and Basics 1
1 Introduction and Motivation 3
Patrick Marsch, Ömer Bulakçı, Olav Queseth and Mauro Boldi
1.1 5th Generation Mobile and Wireless Communications 3
1.2 Timing of this Book and Global 5G Developments 5
1.3 Scope of the 5G System Described in this Book 8
1.4 Approach and Structure of this Book 10
References 12
2 Use Cases, Scenarios, and their Impact on the Mobile Network Ecosystem 15
Salah Eddine Elayoubi, Michał Maternia, Jose F. Monserrat, Frederic Pujol, Panagiotis Spapis, Valerio Frascolla and Davide Sorbara
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Main Service Types Considered for 5G 16
2.3 5G Service Requirements 17
2.4 Use Cases Considered in NGMN and 5G PPP Projects 18
2.5 Typical Use Cases Considered in this Book 25
2.6 Envisioned Mobile Network Ecosystem Evolution 28
2.7 Summary and Outlook 33
References 34
3 Spectrum Usage and Management 35
Thomas Rosowski, Rauno Ruismaki, Luis M. Campoy, Giovanna D’Aria, Du Ho Kang and Adrian Kliks
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Spectrum Authorization and Usage Scenarios 36
3.3 Spectrum Bandwidth Demand Determination 39
3.4 Frequency Bands for 5G 41
3.5 Spectrum Usage Aspects at High Frequencies 44
3.6 Spectrum Management 49
3.7 Summary and Outlook 53
References 54
4 Channel Modeling 57
Shangbin Wu, Sinh L. H. Nguyen and Raffaele D’Errico
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Core Features of New Channel Models 59
4.3 Additional Features of New Channel Models 65
4.4 Summary and Outlook 74
References 75
Part 2 5G System Architecture and E2E Enablers 79
5 E2E Architecture 81
Marco Gramaglia, Alexandros Kaloxylos, Panagiotis Spapis, Xavier Costa, Luis Miguel Contreras, Riccardo Trivisonno, Gerd Zimmermann, Antonio de la Oliva, Peter Rost and Patrick Marsch
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 Enablers and Design Principles 82
5.3 E2E Architecture Overview 88
5.4 Novel Concepts and Architectural Extensions 97
5.5 Internetworking, Migration and Network Evolution 104
5.6 Summary and Outlook 112
References 112
6 RAN Architecture 115
Patrick Marsch, Navid Nikaein, Mark Doll, Tao Chen and Emmanouil Pateromichelakis
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Related Work 116
6.3 RAN Architecture Requirements 118
6.4 Protocol Stack Architecture and Network Functions 119
6.5 Multi‐Connectivity 129
6.6 RAN Function Splits and Resulting Logical Network Entities 133
6.7 Deployment Scenarios and Related Physical RAN Architectures 141
6.8 RAN Programmability and Control 144
6.9 Summary and Outlook 147
References 148
7 Transport Network Architecture 151
Anna Tzanakaki, Markos Anastasopoulos, Nathan Gomes, Philippos Assimakopoulos, Josep M. Fàbrega, Michela Svaluto Moreolo, Laia Nadal, Jesús Gutiérrez, Vladica Sark, Eckhard Grass, Daniel Camps‐Mur, Antonio de la Oliva, Nuria Molner, Xavier Costa Perez, Josep Mangues, Ali Yaver, Paris Flegkas, Nikos Makris, Thanasis Korakis and Dimitra Simeonidou
7.1 Introduction 151
7.2 Architecture Definition 153
7.3 Technology Options and Protocols 158
7.4 Self‐Backhauling 165
7.5 Technology Integration and Interfacing 168
7.6 Transport Network Optimization and Performance Evaluation 170
7.7 Summary 178
References 178
8 Network Slicing 181
Alexandros Kaloxylos, Christian Mannweiler, Gerd Zimmermann, Marco Di Girolamo, Patrick Marsch, Jakob Belschner, Anna Tzanakaki, Riccardo Trivisonno, Ömer Bulakçı, Panagiotis Spapis, Peter Rost, Paul Arnold and Navid Nikaein
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Slice Realization in the Different Network Domains 183
8.3 Operational Aspects 196
8.4 Summary and Outlook 202
References 204
9 Security 207
Carolina Canales‐Valenzuela, Madalina Baltatu, Luciana Costa, Kai Habel, Volker Jungnickel, Geza Koczian, Felix Ngobigha, Michael C. Parker, Muhammad Shuaib Siddiqui, Eleni Trouva and Stuart D. Walker
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Threat Landscape 208
9.3 5G Security Requirements 209
9.4 5G Security Architecture 211
9.5 Summary 224
References 224
10 Network Management and Orchestration 227
Luis M. Contreras, Víctor López, Ricard Vilalta, Ramon Casellas, Raúl Muñoz, Wei Jiang, Hans Schotten, Jose Alcaraz‐Calero, Qi Wang, Balázs Sonkoly and László Toka
10.1 Introduction 227
10.2 Network Management and Orchestration Through SDN and NFV 228
10.3 Enablers of Management and Orchestration 233
10.4 Orchestration in Multi‐Domain and Multi‐Technology Scenarios 238
10.5 Software‐Defined Networking for 5G 245
10.6 Network Function Virtualization in 5G Environments 251
10.7 Autonomic Network Management in 5G 252
10.8 Summary 258
References 259
Part 3 5G Functional Design 263
11 Antenna, PHY and MAC Design 265
Frank Schaich, Catherine Douillard, Charbel Abdel Nour, Malte Schellmann, Tommy Svensson, Hao Lin, Honglei Miao, Hua Wang, Jian Luo, Milos Tesanovic, Nuno Pratas, Sandra Roger and Thorsten Wild
11.1 Introduction 265
11.2 PHY and MAC Design Criteria and Harmonization 267
11.3 Waveform Design 269
11.4 Coding Approaches and HARQ 283
11.5 Antenna Design, Analog, Digital and Hybrid Beamforming 293
11.6 PHY/MAC Design for Multi‐Service Support 300
11.7 Summary and Outlook 310
References 311
12 Traffic Steering and Resource Management 315
Ömer Bulakçı, Klaus Pedersen, David Gutierrez Estevez, Athul Prasad, Fernando Sanchez Moya, Jan Christoffersson, Yang Yang, Emmanouil Pateromichelakis, Paul Arnold, Tommy Svensson, Tao Chen, Honglei Miao, Martin Kurras, Samer Bazzi, Stavroula Vassaki, Evangelos Kosmatos, Kwang Taik Kim, Giorgio Calochira, Jakob Belschner, Sergio Barberis and Taylan Şahin
12.1 Motivation and Role of Resource Management in 5G 315
12.2 Service Classification: A First Step Towards Efficient RM 317
12.3 Dynamic Multi‐Service Scheduling 321
12.4 Fast‐Timescale Dynamic Traffic Steering 328
12.5 Network‐based Interference Management 335
12.6 Multi‐Slice RM 350
12.7 Energy‐efficient RAN Moderation 354
12.8 UE Context Management 359
12.9 Summary and Outlook 360
References 361
13 Initial Access, RRC and Mobility 367
Mårten Ericson, Panagiotis Spapis, Mikko Säily, Klaus Pedersen, Yinan Qi, Nicolas Barati, Tommy Svensson, Mehrdad Shariat, Marco Giordani, Marco Mezzavilla, Mark Doll, Honglei Miao and Chan Zhou
13.1 Introduction 367
13.2 Initial Access 369
13.3 States and State Handling 381
13.4 Mobility 391
13.5 Summary and Outlook 404
References 404
14 D2D and V2X Communications 409
Shubhranshu Singh, Ji Lianghai, Daniel Calabuig, David Garcia‐Roger, Nurul H. Mahmood, Nuno Pratas, Tomasz Mach and Maria Carmela De Gennaro
14.1 Introduction 409
14.2 Technical Status and Standardization Overview 412
14.3 5G Air Interface Candidate Waveforms for Sidelink Support 418
14.4 Device Discovery on the Sidelink 424
14.5 Sidelink Mobility Management 427
14.6 V2X Communications for Road Safety Applications 430
14.7 Industrial Implementation of V2X in the Automotive Domain 434
14.8 Further Evolution of D2D Communications 438
14.9 Summary and Outlook 445
References 446
Part 4 Performance Evaluation and Implementation 451
15 Performance, Energy Efficiency and Techno‐Economic Assessment 453
Michał Maternia, Jose F. Monserrat, David Martín‐Sacristán, Yong Wu, Changqing Yang, Mauro Boldi, Yu Bao, Frederic Pujol, Giuseppe Piro, Gennaro Boggia, Alessandro Grassi, Hans‐Otto Scheck, Ioannis‐Prodromos Belikaidis, Andreas Georgakopoulos, Katerina Demesticha and Panagiotis Demestichas
15.1 Introduction 453
15.2 Performance Evaluation Framework 454
15.3 Network Energy Efficiency 467
15.4 Techno‐Economic Evaluation and Analysis of 5G Deployment 473
15.5 Summary 478
References 479
16 Implementation of Hardware and Software Platforms 483
Chia‐Yu Chang, Dario Sabella, David García‐Roger, Dieter Ferling, Fredrik Tillman, Gian Michele Dell’Aera, Leonardo Gomes Baltar, Michael Färber, Miquel Payaró, Navid Nikaein, Pablo Serrano,Raymond Knopp, Sandra Roger, Sylvie Mayrargue and Tapio Rautio
16.1 Introduction 483
16.2 Solutions for Radio Frontend Implementation 484
16.3 Solutions for Digital HW Implementation 492
16.4 Flexible HW/SW Partitioning Solutions for 5G 502
16.5 Implementation of SW Platforms 504
16.6 Implementation Example: vRAN/C‐RAN Architecture in OAI 506
16.7 Summary 516
References 517
17 Standardization, Trials, and Early Commercialization 521
Terje Tjelta, Olav Queseth, Didier Bourse, Yves Bellego, Raffaele de Peppe, Hisham Elshaer, Frederic Pujol, Chris Pearson, Chen Xiaobei, Takehiro Nakamura, Akira Matsunaga, Hitoshi Yoshino, Yukihiko Okumura, Dong Ku Kim, Jinhyo Park and Hong Beom Jeon
17.1 Introduction 521
17.2 Standardization Roadmap 522
17.3 Early Deployments 526
17.4 Summary 547
References 547
Index 551
