Revised and updated, the eighth edition of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals remains the essential resource for detailed information on farm animal anatomy and physiology.
- Offers a revised edition to this comprehensive guide to the anatomy and physiology of farm animals
- Presents learning objectives in each chapter for the first time
- Adds new material on endocrine and metabolic regulation of growth and body composition
- Features additional illustrations to enhance comprehension
- Includes a companion website that offers supplemental content, including word roots, clinical cases, study and practice questions, the images from the book and additional images, diagrams, and videos to enhance learning.
Table of Contents
Dedication xii
About the Companion Website xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1
Anatomical Nomenclature, Directional Terms, and Planes of Section 3
Microscopic Anatomy: Animal Cells and Tissues 5
Epithelial Tissues 6
Connective Tissues 11
Muscle Tissue 13
Nervous Tissue 15
The General Plan of the Animal Body 15
Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cell 21
Properties of Life 22
Chemical Composition of the Cell 24
Water 24
Proteins 25
Lipids 26
Carbohydrates 28
Inorganic Substances 29
Acids, Bases, and pH 29
Microscopic Study of the Cell 29
Light Microscopy 30
Electron Microscopy 32
The Cell Membrane 33
Structure of the Membrane 33
Intercellular Contact and Adhesion 35
Transport Across Cell Membranes 36
Simple and Facilitated Diffusion 36
Osmosis 38
Active Transport 40
Membrane Potentials and Excitable Cells 41
Resting Membrane Potential 41
Excitable Cells and Action Potentials 42
Membrane Receptors and Intracellular Signaling 43
Cytoplasm and Cytoplasmic Organelles 47
Cytoplasm 47
The Golgi Apparatus 47
The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes 47
Mitochondria 47
Lysosomes 48
Other Structures 48
Nucleus 49
Structure of the Nucleus 49
DNA and DNA Replication 50
RNA: Transcription and Translation 51
Biotechnology 53
Cell Division 55
Mitosis 55
Meiosis 56
Regulation of Cell Growth and Replication 57
Chapter 3: Embryology 59
Development of Germ Layers 60
Principles of Differentiation 63
Neurulation 63
Mesodermal Differentiation 64
Teratogenesis 66
Chapter 4: The Skeletal System 69
Functions of Bones 70
Terminology 70
Classification of Bones According to Gross Appearance 73
Axial Skeleton 75
Skull 75
Vertebral Column 79
Sternum and Ribs 82
Appendicular Skeleton 83
Thoracic Limbs 83
Pelvic Limbs 87
Chapter 5: Microscopic Anatomy and Growth and Development of Bone 91
Microscopic Anatomy and Formation of Bone 92
Ossification 94
Endochondral (Intracartilaginous) Ossification 94
Intramembranous Ossification 96
Physiology of Bone 96
Bone Mechanics and Remodeling 96
Calcium of Bone 97
Fractures and Fracture Healing 97
Other Pathologic Conditions 99
Chapter 6 Joints 101
Classification of Joints 102
Fibrous Joints 102
Cartilaginous Joints 103
Synovial Joints 103
Other Synovial Structures 104
Movements of Joints 104
Types of Synovial Joints 106
Joints of the Axial Skeleton 107
Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton 108
Joints of the Thoracic Limb 108
Joints of the Pelvic Limb 111
Pathology of Joints and Related Structures 117
Chapter 7 Anatomy of the Muscular System 121
Anatomical Nomenclature of Muscles 122
Types of Muscle Tissue 122
Skeletal Muscle Organization 122
Muscle Attachments 123
Functional Grouping of Muscles 124
Synovial Structures 126
Muscles of the Thoracic Limb 127
Extrinsic Muscles of the Thoracic Limb 130
Muscles Acting on the Shoulder Joint 131
Muscles Acting on the Elbow 132
Muscles Acting on the Distal Limb 133
Muscles of the Pelvic Limb 135
Muscles Acting on the Hip Joint 135
Muscles Acting on the Stifle 141
Muscles Acting on the Hock 142
Muscles Acting on the Digit 142
Muscles of the Head 143
Muscles of Mastication 143
Muscles of Facial Expression 144
Other Muscles of the Head 144
Muscles of the Trunk and Neck 145
Extensors of the Vertebral Column 145
Flexors of the Vertebral Column 150
Abdominal Muscles 150
Muscles of Respiration 151
Chapter 8: The Equine Foot and Passive Stay Apparatus 153
Structure of the Foot 154
Bones and Cartilages 154
Cornified Tissues 155
Tendons 159
Ligaments 160
Synovial Structures 162
Function 163
Concussion and Storage of Energy 163
Stay Apparatus 163
Thoracic Limb 164
Pelvic Limb 166
Chapter 9: Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology of Muscle 171
Skeletal Muscle 172
Structure 172
Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation 175
Strength of Contraction 179
Drugs That Affect Skeletal Muscle Function 181
Types of Muscle Contraction 182
Smooth Muscle 182
Structure 183
Stress–Relaxation 183
Contraction and Relaxation 184
Role and Sources of Calcium 184
Action Potentials and Slow Waves 185
Autonomic Innervation 186
Cardiac Muscle 187
Excitation and Contraction 187
Cardiac Hypertrophy 188
Chapter 10: Anatomy of the Nervous System 189
Microscopic Neuroanatomy 192
Embryology 194
Central Nervous System 197
Brain 197
Meninges 200
Spinal Cord 202
Peripheral Nervous System 205
Spinal Nerves 205
Cranial Nerves 206
Autonomic Nervous System 206
Sympathetic Nervous System 208
Parasympathetic Nervous System 211
Enteric Nervous System 212
Chapter 11:Physiology of the Nervous System 213
Functional Regions of the Neuron 214
Physiology of the Nerve Impulse 214
Conduction Velocity and Myelination 216
Synaptic Transmission 217
Neurotransmitters 220
Neural Control of Skeletal Muscle 221
Reflexes Involving Skeletal Muscle Contraction 222
Voluntary Movement 223
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System 224
Regulation of Autonomic Nervous System Activity 224
Autonomic Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors 226
Regeneration and Repair in the Nervous System 227
Chapter 12: Sense Organs 229
Sensory Receptors 230
Somatosensation 232
Pain 232
Proprioception 233
Touch 234
Visceral Sensations 234
Chemical Senses 234
Gustation 234
Olfaction 235
Hearing and Balance 236
External Ear 236
Middle Ear 238
Internal Ear 238
Physiology of Hearing 239
Mechanisms of Balance 242
Vision 245
Ocular Adnexa 245
Globe 247
Lens 250
Visual Field and Light Path 251
Visual Pathways of the Brain 251
Chapter 13: Endocrinology 253
Hormones and Their Receptors 254
Chemical Classes of Hormones 254
Eicosanoids 255
Hormone Receptors 256
Cellular Effects of Peptide
Hormones 256
Cellular Effects of Steroid and Thyroid Hormones 259
Negative and Positive Feedback Regulation 259
Hypothalamopituitary Axis 260
Hormones of the Neurohypophysis 262
Hormones of the Adenohypophysis 263
Growth Hormone 263
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 264
Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone 265
Other Endocrine Glands 268
Parathyroid Glands 268
Pancreatic Islets 270
Epiphysis (Pineal Gland) 271
Chapter 14: The Integument 273
Integument 274
Skin 274
Epidermis 274
Dermis 275
Hypodermis 276
Adnexa of the Skin 276
Hair 276
Glands 278
Modified Epidermis 279
Hooves 280
Horns 282
Dewclaws 283
Chestnuts and Ergots 283
Coat Color in Horses 283
Wool 285
Chapter 15: Blood and Other Body Fluids 287
Blood 288
Formed Elements of Blood and Hematopoiesis 289
Erythrocytes 290
Platelets 293
Leukocytes 294
Plasma and Serum 295
Blood pH 296
Hemostasis and Coagulation 296
Platelets and the Endothelium 297
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Coagulation Pathways 297
Lymph 300
Serous Fluids 300
Chapter 16: Body Defenses and the Immune System 301
Nonspecific Defenses 302
Specific Immune Response 304
B Lymphocytes 304
Immunoglobulins 305
T Cells and Cell‐Mediated Immunity 306
Lymphocyte Origin, Development, and Residence 308
Active and Passive Immunities 308
Immunological Surveillance 308
Lymphatic System 309
Lymphatic Vessels 309
Lymph Nodes 309
Spleen 312
Thymus 313
Tonsils 314
Chapter 17: Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System 315
Heart 316
Pericardium 316
Cardiac Anatomy 317
Vessels 320
Blood Vessels 320
Lymphatic Vessels 320
Pulmonary Circulation 320
Systemic Circulation 321
Aorta 322
Arterial Distribution to the Head 323
Arterial Distribution to the
Thoracic Limb 323
Arterial Distribution to the Pelvic Limb 324
Veins 325
Cranial Vena Cava 326
Caudal Vena Cava 327
Portal System 327
Fetal Circulation 327
Chapter 18: Physiology of the Heart and
Circulation 331
Basic Design and Function of the Cardiovascular System 332
Cardiac Cycle 333
Systole 336
Diastole 336
Heart Sounds and Murmurs 336
Imaging the Heart 337
Electrical Activity of the Heart 337
Sinoatrial Node and Heart Rate 337
Atrioventricular Node and Other Specialized Conductive Cells in the Heart 339
Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias 339
Cardiac Output and Its Regulation 340
Ventricular Filling and Stroke Volume 340
Cardiac Contractility and Stroke Volume 341
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels 341
Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels 341
Function of Blood Vessels 342
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure and Blood Volume 344
Neural Reflexes 345
Humoral Agents 345
Paracrine Agents 346
Cardiovascular Function During Exercise and Hypovolemia 346
Chapter 19 The Respiratory System 349
Upper Respiratory Tract 350
Nose 350
Paranasal Sinuses 352
Pharynx 354
Larynx 354
Trachea and Bronchi 357
Thorax 357
Lungs 358
Pleura 360
Physiology of Respiration 360
Ventilation 360
Gas Exchange 363
Gas Transport in Blood 365
Control of Ventilation 366
Chapter 20: Anatomy of the Digestive System 369
Organization of the Digestive System 370
Mouth 371
Teeth 372
Tongue 377
Pharynx 378
Tonsils 378
Esophagus 380
Simple Stomach 380
Ruminant Stomach 381
Ruminoreticulum 384
Omasum 385
Abomasum 385
Small Intestine 385
Large Intestine 387
Ruminants 387
Pig 387
Horse 388
Peritoneal Features 388
Accessory Digestive Organs 389
Salivary Glands 389
Pancreas 389
Liver 391
Chapter 21: Physiology of Digestion 395
Pregastric Physiology 397
Prehension and Chewing 397
Saliva and Salivary Glands 397
Swallowing 398
Ruminant Forestomach 398
Fermentative Digestion 398
Forestomach Motility 400
Reticular, or Esophageal, Groove 400
Omasum 401
Gastric Physiology 401
Gastric Glands and Secretions 401
Gastric Motility 402
Physiology of the Small Intestine, Exocrine Pancreas, and Liver 403
Small Intestine Secretions and Motility 403
Exocrine Pancreas 404
Liver Digestive Function and Secretion of Bile 406
Nutrient Absorption in the Small Intestine 407
Physiology of the Cecum and Colon 409
Cecum and Colon of the Horse 410
Rectum and Defecation 410
Neuroendocrine Control of Feeding 411
Chapter 22: Nutrition and Metabolism 413
Nutrition 414
Metabolism 414
Absorptive State: Anabolism 415
Postabsorptive State: Catabolism 417
Energy Needs During Exercise 418
Blood Glucose in Ruminants 419
Ketosis 419
Chapter 23: The Urinary System 421
Anatomy of the Kidney 422
Blood and Nerve Supply 424
Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra 424
Micturition 426
Overview of Function and Histology
of the Kidneys 426
Glomerular Filtration 429
Proximal Tubule Transport 430
Concentration and Dilution of Urine: Role of the Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct Transport 431
Sodium Chloride and Water Reabsorption by the Loop of Henle 432
Collecting Duct Transport and Antidiuretic Hormone 433
Osmotic Regulation of Antidiuretic
Hormone 434
Polyuria and Polydipsia 434
Sodium, Potassium, and Aldosterone 434
Urine Acidification 436
Regulation of Acid‐Base Balance 436
Extracellular and Intracellular Buffers 436
Classification of Alkalosis and Acidosis and Compensation 438
Chapter 24: Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 441
Testis 442
Epididymis 444
Ductus Deferens 444
Scrotum 445
Inguinal Canal 447
Descent of the Testis 447
Castration 449
Accessory Sex Glands 449
Ampullae 450
Vesicular Glands 450
Prostate Gland 450
Bulbourethral Glands 451
Penis 451
Prepuce 453
Muscles of the Male Genitalia 453
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Male Genitalia 453
Chapter 25: Physiology of Male Reproduction 455
Seminiferous Tubules and Spermatogenesis 456
Seminiferous Tubules 456
Germ Cells and Spermatogenesis 457
Spermatozoa Morphology
and Spermatogenesis 457
Rates and Timing of Spermatogenesis 460
Epididymis 460
Semen and Semen Technology 461
Hormones of Male Reproduction 462
Endocrine Regulation of Testicular Function 462
Testosterone and Its Effects 463
Erection and Ejaculation 463
Chapter 26: Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 465
Ovaries 466
Uterine Tubes 468
Uterus 469
Vagina 471
Vestibule and Vulva 472
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Female Reproductive Tract 473
Chapter 27: The Ovary and Estrous Cycles 475
Oogenesis 476
Secondary Follicles 476
Hormones and Follicular Development 477
Ovulation 481
Luteinizing Hormone Surge 481
Spontaneous and Reflex Ovulators 481
Seasonal Transition 481
Corpus Luteum 482
Phases of the Estrous Cycle 483
Proestrus 484
Estrus 484
Metestrus 484
Diestrus and Anestrus 484
Puberty 484
Specifics of Selected Estrous Cycles 485
Mare 485
Cow 485
Ewe 486
Sow 487
Chapter 28:Pregnancy and Parturition 489
Fertilization 490
Spermatozoa Transport and Viability 490
Gamete Fusion and Early Embryonic Development 491
Implantation and Placentation 493
Hormones of Pregnancy 496
Progesterone 496
Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin 497
Relaxin 497
Pregnancy Diagnosis 497
Parturition 498
Late Gestation 498
Initiation of Parturition 498
Oxytocin 499
Fetal Presentations and Delivery 499
Dystocia 500
Chapter 29: Anatomy and Physiology of the Mammary Glands 501
Mammary Glands of the Cow 502
Suspensory Apparatus 504
Blood Supply 504
Lymphatic Vessels 506
Microscopic Anatomy of the Mammary Gland 506
Mammary Glands of Sheep and Goats 508
Mammary Glands of Swine 508
Mammary Glands of the Horse 509
Physiology of Lactation 509
Composition of Milk 509
Milk Secretion 510
Lactogenesis 511
Galactogenesis 512
Milk Ejection or Letdown 513
Colostrum 514
Cessation of Lactation 515
Chapter 30: Poultry 517
Integument 518
Body Design 520
Skeleton and Bone 522
Musculature 524
Gastrointestinal System 524
Respiratory System 527
Ventilation and Gas Exchange 528
Cardiovascular System 530
Lymphatic System 531
Urinary System 531
Female Reproductive System 534
Egg Formation and Oviposition 535
Male Reproductive System 537
Sex Chromosomes 538
Reproduction and Photoperiods 538
Appendix: Abbreviations 539
Bibliography 545
Index 547
