Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Edition No. 4

Table of Contents

NORMAL AND ALTERED METABOLISM OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 1. The KDOQI/AND Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Kidney Disease 2. The Influence of Kidney Disease on Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism 3. Carbohydrate Metabolism in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure 4. Altered Lipid Metabolism and Serum Lipids in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure 5. Energy Metabolism and Energy Requirements in Chronic Kidney Disease 6. Uremic Toxicity 7. Inflammation in Kidney Disease 8. Oxidative Stress and Catalytic (Labile) Iron in Kidney Disease 9. Carbonyl Stress in Kidney Disease 10. Effect of Acidemia and Alkalemia on Nutrition and Metabolism 11. The Human Microbiome in Kidney Disease

TREATMENT OF ALTERED METABOLISM IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 12. Assessment and Risk Factors for Protein-Energy Status and Frailty in Chronic Kidney Disease 13. Causes and Treatment of Protein-Energy Wasting in Kidney Disease 14. Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure 15. Effect of Nutritional Status and Changes in Nutrient Intake on Renal Function

NUTRITION AND SLOWING OF PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 16. Low Protein, Amino Acid and Ketoacid Diets to Slow the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and Improve Metabolic Control of Uremia 17. Disorders of Phosphorus Homeostasis: Potential Targets for Therapy of Progressive Kidney Disease 18. Therapeutic Strategies for the Toxic Effects of Tryptophan Metabolites 19. Alkalization to Retard Progression of Chronic Kidney Failure

MINERAL AND VITAMIN METABOLISM IN KIDNEY DISEASE 20. Nutritional Management of Sodium, Chloride and Water in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure 21. Management of Potassium in Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Kidney Injury 22. Magnesium and Kidney Disease 23. Calcium, Phosphorus, PTH, FGF-23, Vitamin D and Renal Bone Disease 24. Phosphorus Metabolism and Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Chronic Kidney Disease 25. Vitamin D in Kidney Disease 26. Vitamin Metabolism and Requirements in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure 27. Trace Elements, Toxic Metals, and Metalloids in Kidney Disease

NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF CLINICAL CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH KIDNEY DISEASE 28. Nutritional and Non-Nutritional Management of Proteinuria and the Nephrotic Syndrome 29. Overview of the Nutritional Management of Non-Dialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients 30. Use of Dietary Therapy in Far Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease to Delay Renal Replacement Therapy or Facilitate Infrequent Dialysis 31. Nutritional Management of Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients 32. Nutritional Management of Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients 33. Nutritional Management of Kidney Transplantation 34. Nutritional Management of the Pediatric Patient with Kidney Disease 35. Nutritional Management of Acute Kidney Injury 36. Nutritional Prevention and Treatment of Urinary Tract Stones 37. Nutrition and Blood Pressure 38. Nutrition and Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease

OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME AND DIABETES MELLITUS 39. Effect of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome on Incident Kidney Disease and the Progression to Chronic Kidney Failure 40. Nutritional and Metabolic Management of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease 41. Bariatric Surgery and Kidney Disease 42. Nutritional and Metabolic Management of the Diabetic Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease 43. Uric acid, Fructose, Purines and Kidney Disease

SPECIAL TECHNIQUES FOR DELIVERY OF NUTRIENTS 44. Oral and Enteral Supplements in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure 45. Intradialytic Parenteral Nutrition, Intraperitoneal Nutrition and Nutritional Hemodialysis 46. Nutritional Management of Patients Treated with Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy 47. Motivating the Kidney Disease Patient to Nutrition Adherence and Other Healthy Lifestyle Activities 48. Anorexia and Appetite Stimulants in Chronic Kidney Disease 49. Herbal Supplements in Patients with Kidney Disease 50. Drug Nutrient Interactions in Renal Failure

PREVENTION OF FRAILTY AND IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE 51. Physical Exercise Training for Kidney Disease Patients 52. Use of Anabolic and Anti-Antigrowth Agents in Kidney Disease and Kidney Failure 53. Non-Nutritional and Non-Hormonal Methods Effects on Muscle Strength and Physical Performance

Authors

Kopple, Joel D. Dr. Kopple is a former president of the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) and has been active in the National Kidney Foundation's professional education and scientific divisions. He served as chairman of NKF's Scientific Advisory Board and as a member of the Research Endowment Board. Locally, he served in numerous leadership capacities, including chairman of the National Kidney Foundation of Southern California's Medical Advisory Board Massry, Shaul G Dr. Massry is Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Physiology & Biophysics at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. He Served as Chief of its Division of Nephrology from 1974 to 2000. He has received honorary doctorates from 14 universities across Europe, including the oldest and prestigious Charles University (Prague, Czech Republic), The University of Bologna (Italy), and the University of Padua (Italy). He is an honorary member of many international professional societies including the Italian, Polish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Czechoslovakian, Indian, and Israel Societies of Nephrology. He is also an honorary member of the Belgian, Polish, Russian and Bulgarian Academies of Science, as well as the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, Thailand and London. Kalantar-Zadeh, Kamyar Dr. Kalantar-Zadeh is Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Pediatrics and Public Health and Chief of Nephrology, UCI School of Medicine, Irvine, CA; Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA. He has conducted research on kidney disease outcomes and epidemiology, diabetes and obesity, cardiovascular risks in CKD, malnutrition and wasting in chronic diseases, inflammation and cachexia, renal osteodystrophy and mineral disorders, sodium and potassium disarrays, anemia and iron deficiency, disparities and quality of life in CKD, and acid-base disorders. Fouque, Denis Denis Fouque is Chief, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, Nutrition and Dialysis at Hôpital Edouard HERRIOT, Lyon, France