Online Travel Booking Platform Market 2024-2028

1.1 Market overview

• Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
• Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
• Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
• Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
• Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Platform
• Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
• Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
• Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
• Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning

2.1 Market ecosystem

• Parent Market
• Data Table on - Parent Market

2.2 Market characteristics

• Market characteristics analysis

2.3 Value chain analysis

• Value Chain Analysis

3.1 Market definition

• Offerings of companies included in the market definition

3.2 Market segment analysis

• Market segments

3.3 Market size 2023
3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028

• Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

4.1 Global Online Travel Booking Platform Market 2018 - 2022

• Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global Online Travel Booking Platform Market 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)

4.2 Platform segment analysis 2018 - 2022

• Historic Market Size - Platform Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)

4.3 Type segment analysis 2018 - 2022

• Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)

4.4 Geography segment analysis 2018 - 2022

• Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)

4.5 Country segment analysis 2018 - 2022

• Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)

5.1 Five forces summary

• Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028

5.2 Bargaining power of buyers

• Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028

5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers

• Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028

5.4 Threat of new entrants

• Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028

5.5 Threat of substitutes

• Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028

5.6 Threat of rivalry

• Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028

5.7 Market condition

• Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028

6.1 Market segments

• Chart on Platform - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Platform - Market share 2023-2028 (%)

6.2 Comparison by Platform

• Chart on Comparison by Platform
• Data Table on Comparison by Platform

6.3 Mobile/tablet - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on Mobile/tablet - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Mobile/tablet - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Mobile/tablet - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Mobile/tablet - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

6.4 Desktop/laptop - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on Desktop/laptop - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Desktop/laptop - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Desktop/laptop - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Desktop/laptop - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

6.5 Market opportunity by Platform

• Market opportunity by Platform ($ billion)
• Data Table on Market opportunity by Platform ($ billion)

7.1 Market segments

• Chart on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)

7.2 Comparison by Type

• Chart on Comparison by Type
• Data Table on Comparison by Type

7.3 Packages - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on Packages - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Packages - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Packages - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Packages - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

7.4 Direct - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on Direct - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Direct - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Direct - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Direct - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

7.5 Market opportunity by Type

• Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)
• Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)

8.1 Customer landscape overview

• Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria

9.1 Geographic segmentation

• Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)

9.2 Geographic comparison

• Chart on Geographic comparison
• Data Table on Geographic comparison

9.3 APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.4 North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.5 Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.6 South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.7 Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.8 US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.9 China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.10 UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.11 Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.12 Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028

• Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
• Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
• Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)

9.13 Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape

• Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
• Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)

10.1 Market drivers
10.2 Market challenges
10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges

• Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028

10.4 Market opportunities/restraints

11.1 Overview
11.2 Competitive Landscape

• Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation

11.3 Landscape disruption

• Overview on factors of disruption

11.4 Industry risks

• Impact of key risks on business

12.1 Companies profiled

• Companies covered

12.2 Market positioning of companies

• Matrix on companies position and classification

12.3 Airbnb Inc.

• Airbnb Inc. - Overview
• Airbnb Inc. - Product / Service
• Airbnb Inc. - Key offerings

12.4 BlueStar Air Travel Services I Pvt. Ltd.

• BlueStar Air Travel Services I Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
• BlueStar Air Travel Services I Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
• BlueStar Air Travel Services I Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings

12.5 Booking Holdings Inc.

• Booking Holdings Inc. - Overview
• Booking Holdings Inc. - Product / Service
• Booking Holdings Inc. - Key offerings

12.6 DirectVision SRL

• DirectVision SRL - Overview
• DirectVision SRL - Product / Service
• DirectVision SRL - Key offerings

12.7 eDreams ODIGEO

• eDreams ODIGEO - Overview
• eDreams ODIGEO - Business segments
• eDreams ODIGEO - Key offerings
• eDreams ODIGEO - Segment focus

12.8 Expedia Group Inc.

• Expedia Group Inc. - Overview
• Expedia Group Inc. - Business segments
• Expedia Group Inc. - Key offerings
• Expedia Group Inc. - Segment focus

12.9 Fareportal Inc.

• Fareportal Inc. - Overview
• Fareportal Inc. - Product / Service
• Fareportal Inc. - Key offerings

12.10 Happyeasygo Group

• Happyeasygo Group - Overview
• Happyeasygo Group - Product / Service
• Happyeasygo Group - Key offerings

12.11 Hopper Inc.

• Hopper Inc. - Overview
• Hopper Inc. - Product / Service
• Hopper Inc. - Key offerings

12.12 Hostelworld.com Ltd.

• Hostelworld.com Ltd. - Overview
• Hostelworld.com Ltd. - Product / Service
• Hostelworld.com Ltd. - Key offerings

12.13 Kiwi.com sro

• Kiwi.com sro - Overview
• Kiwi.com sro - Product / Service
• Kiwi.com sro - Key offerings

12.14 lastminute.com NV

• lastminute.com NV - Overview
• lastminute.com NV - Product / Service
• lastminute.com NV - Key offerings

12.15 MakeMyTrip Ltd.

• MakeMyTrip Ltd. - Overview
• MakeMyTrip Ltd. - Business segments
• MakeMyTrip Ltd. - Key offerings
• MakeMyTrip Ltd. - Segment focus

12.16 OneTwoTrip Ltd.

• OneTwoTrip Ltd. - Overview
• OneTwoTrip Ltd. - Product / Service
• OneTwoTrip Ltd. - Key offerings

12.17 Thomas Cook India Ltd.

• Thomas Cook India Ltd. - Overview
• Thomas Cook India Ltd. - Business segments
• Thomas Cook India Ltd. - Key offerings
• Thomas Cook India Ltd. - Segment focus

13.1 Scope of the report
13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist

• Inclusions checklist
• Exclusions checklist

13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$

• Currency conversion rates for US$

13.4 Research methodology

• Research methodology

13.5 Data procurement

• Information sources

13.6 Data validation

• Data validation

13.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing

• Validation techniques employed for market sizing

13.8 Data synthesis

• Data synthesis

13.9 360 degree market analysis

• 360 degree market analysis

13.10 List of abbreviations

• List of abbreviations

Exhibits 1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits 2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits 3: Executive Summary - Chart on Global Market Characteristics
Exhibits 4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market By Geographical Landscape
Exhibits 5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Platform
Exhibits 6: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
Exhibits 7: Executive Summary - Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibits 8: Executive Summary - Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibits 9: Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
Exhibits 10: Parent Market
Exhibits 11: Data Table on - Parent Market
Exhibits 12: Market characteristics analysis
Exhibits 13: Value Chain Analysis
Exhibits 14: Offerings of companies included in the market definition
Exhibits 15: Market segments
Exhibits 16: Chart on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 17: Data Table on Global - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 18: Chart on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 19: Data Table on Global Market: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 20: Historic Market Size - Data Table on Global Online Travel Booking Platform Market 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 21: Historic Market Size - Platform Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 22: Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 23: Historic Market Size - Geography Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 24: Historic Market Size - Country Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 25: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 26: Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 27: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 28: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 29: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 30: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 31: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 32: Chart on Platform - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 33: Data Table on Platform - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 34: Chart on Comparison by Platform
Exhibits 35: Data Table on Comparison by Platform
Exhibits 36: Chart on Mobile/tablet - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 37: Data Table on Mobile/tablet - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 38: Chart on Mobile/tablet - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 39: Data Table on Mobile/tablet - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 40: Chart on Desktop/laptop - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 41: Data Table on Desktop/laptop - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 42: Chart on Desktop/laptop - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 43: Data Table on Desktop/laptop - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 44: Market opportunity by Platform ($ billion)
Exhibits 45: Data Table on Market opportunity by Platform ($ billion)
Exhibits 46: Chart on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 47: Data Table on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 48: Chart on Comparison by Type
Exhibits 49: Data Table on Comparison by Type
Exhibits 50: Chart on Packages - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 51: Data Table on Packages - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 52: Chart on Packages - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 53: Data Table on Packages - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 54: Chart on Direct - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 55: Data Table on Direct - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 56: Chart on Direct - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 57: Data Table on Direct - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 58: Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)
Exhibits 59: Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)
Exhibits 60: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits 61: Chart on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 62: Data Table on Market share By Geographical Landscape 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 63: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibits 64: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibits 65: Chart on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 66: Data Table on APAC - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 67: Chart on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 68: Data Table on APAC - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 69: Chart on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 70: Data Table on North America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 71: Chart on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 72: Data Table on North America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 73: Chart on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 74: Data Table on Europe - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 75: Chart on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 76: Data Table on Europe - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 77: Chart on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 78: Data Table on South America - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 79: Chart on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 80: Data Table on South America - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 81: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 82: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 83: Chart on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 84: Data Table on Middle East and Africa - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 85: Chart on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 86: Data Table on US - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 87: Chart on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 88: Data Table on US - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 89: Chart on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 90: Data Table on China - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 91: Chart on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 92: Data Table on China - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 93: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 94: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 95: Chart on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 96: Data Table on UK - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 97: Chart on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 98: Data Table on Germany - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 99: Chart on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 100: Data Table on Germany - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 101: Chart on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 102: Data Table on Japan - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 103: Chart on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 104: Data Table on Japan - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 105: Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
Exhibits 106: Data Tables on Market opportunity By Geographical Landscape ($ billion)
Exhibits 107: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 108: Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
Exhibits 109: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits 110: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits 111: Companies covered
Exhibits 112: Matrix on companies position and classification
Exhibits 113: Airbnb Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 114: Airbnb Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibits 115: Airbnb Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 116: BlueStar Air Travel Services I Pvt. Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 117: BlueStar Air Travel Services I Pvt. Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 118: BlueStar Air Travel Services I Pvt. Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 119: Booking Holdings Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 120: Booking Holdings Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibits 121: Booking Holdings Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 122: DirectVision SRL - Overview
Exhibits 123: DirectVision SRL - Product / Service
Exhibits 124: DirectVision SRL - Key offerings
Exhibits 125: eDreams ODIGEO - Overview
Exhibits 126: eDreams ODIGEO - Business segments
Exhibits 127: eDreams ODIGEO - Key offerings
Exhibits 128: eDreams ODIGEO - Segment focus
Exhibits 129: Expedia Group Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 130: Expedia Group Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits 131: Expedia Group Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 132: Expedia Group Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits 133: Fareportal Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 134: Fareportal Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibits 135: Fareportal Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 136: Happyeasygo Group - Overview
Exhibits 137: Happyeasygo Group - Product / Service
Exhibits 138: Happyeasygo Group - Key offerings
Exhibits 139: Hopper Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 140: Hopper Inc. - Product / Service
Exhibits 141: Hopper Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 142: Hostelworld.com Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 143: Hostelworld.com Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 144: Hostelworld.com Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 145: Kiwi.com sro - Overview
Exhibits 146: Kiwi.com sro - Product / Service
Exhibits 147: Kiwi.com sro - Key offerings
Exhibits 148: lastminute.com NV - Overview
Exhibits 149: lastminute.com NV - Product / Service
Exhibits 150: lastminute.com NV - Key offerings
Exhibits 151: MakeMyTrip Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 152: MakeMyTrip Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibits 153: MakeMyTrip Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 154: MakeMyTrip Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibits 155: OneTwoTrip Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 156: OneTwoTrip Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 157: OneTwoTrip Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 158: Thomas Cook India Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 159: Thomas Cook India Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibits 160: Thomas Cook India Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 161: Thomas Cook India Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibits 162: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits 163: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits 164: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits 165: Research methodology
Exhibits 166: Information sources
Exhibits 167: Data validation
Exhibits 168: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits 169: Data synthesis
Exhibits 170: 360 degree market analysis
Exhibits 171: List of abbreviations