- Provides guidance for how to use color measurement instrumentation, make a visual assessment, set a visual tolerance, and select a formulation
- Supplements material with numerical examples, graphs, and illustrations that clarify and explain complex subjects
- Expands coverage of topics including spatial vision, solid-state lighting, cameras and spectrophotometers, and translucent materials
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Physical Properties of Colors 1
A What this Book is about? 1
B The Spectrum and Wave Theory 2
C Light Sources 3
D Conventional Materials 5
Transmission 5
Absorption 6
Surface Scattering 7
Internal Scattering 7
Terminology - Dyes Versus Pigments 10
Spectral Characteristics of Conventional Materials 12
E Fluorescent Materials 12
F Gonioapparent Materials 14
Metallic Materials 14
Pearlescent Materials 14
Interference Materials 15
Diffraction Materials 16
G Photochromic and Thermochromic Colorants 16
H Summary 16
Chapter 2 Color and Spatial Vision 17
A Trichromacy 17
B Light and Chromatic adaptation 21
C Compression 23
D Opponency 23
E Spatial Vision 26
F Observer variability 29
G Summary 34
Chapter 3 Visual Color Specification 37
A One-Dimensional Scales 37
Hue 37
Lightness 38
Chromatic Intensity 39
B Three-Dimensional Systems 39
Geometries 39
Natural Color System 40
Munsell Color System 42
Other Color-Order Systems 46
C Color Appearance: Multidimensional systems 46
D Color-Mixing systems 47
RGB and HSB 47
The Pantone Matching System 48
Limitations of Color-Mixing Systems for Color Specification 49
E Summary 49
Chapter 4 Numerical Color Specification: Colorimetry 51
A Color Matching 51
B Derivation of the Standard observers 53
Theoretical Considerations 53
The Color-Matching Experiment 54
The 1924 CIE Standard Photopic Observer 57
The 1931 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer 58
The 1964 CIE Standard Colorimetric Observer 61
Cone-Fundamental-Based Colorimetric Observers 62
C Calculating Tristimulus values for Materials 62
D Chromaticity Coordinates and the Chromaticity diagram 63
E Calculating Tristimulus values and Chromaticity Coordinates for sources 67
F Transformation of Primaries 68
Displays 68
Cone Fundamentals 71
G Approximately Uniformly Spaced Systems 71
L* Lightness 72
u′v′ Uniform-Chromaticity Scale Diagram 72
Cieluv 73
Cielab 74
Rotation of CIELAB Coordinates 75
H Color-appearance models 78
I Whiteness and Yellowness 83
Whiteness 83
Yellowness 84
J Summary 84
Chapter 5 Color-Quality Specification 85
A Perceptibility and Acceptability Visual Judgments 85
B Color-Difference Geometry 86
C Ellipses and Ellipsoids 89
D The Color-Difference Problem 92
E Weighted Color-Difference Formulas 96
F CMC(L:C) Color-Difference Formula 99
G Ciede2000 Color-Difference Formula 100
H Uniform Color-Difference Spaces 105
I Determining Color-Tolerance Magnitude 106
J Summary 110
Chapter 6 Color and Material-Appearance Measurement 111
A Basic Principles of Measuring Color and Material Appearance 111
B The Sample 112
C Visual Color Measurement 113
D Measurement geometries 114
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function 115
CIE Recommended Geometries for Measuring Spectral Reflectance Factor 115
CIE Recommended Geometries for Measuring Spectral Transmittance Factor 118
Multiangle Geometries 118
E Spectrophotometry 119
F Spectroradiometry 121
G Fluorescence Measurements 122
H Precision and Accuracy Measurements 124
Repeatability 125
Intramodel Reproducibility 127
Accuracy 128
I spectral Imaging 134
J Material-Appearance Measurements 137
Gloss 137
Microstructure - Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function 137
Macrostructure 142
Sparkle and Graininess 143
K Summary 144
Chapter 7 Lighting 145
A Standard Illuminants 145
B Luminance Illuminance and Luminous Efficacy 148
C Correlated Color Temperature 149
D Color Rendition 150
E Summary 155
Chapter 8 Metamerism and Color Inconstancy 157
A Metamerism Terminology 157
B Producing Metamers 158
C Indices of Metamerism 160
Special Index of Metamerism 160
General Index of Metamerism 162
Using Indices of Metamerism 163
D Color Inconstancy and Indices of Color Inconstancy 164
E Summary 168
Chapter 9 Optical Modeling of Colored Materials 169
A Generic Approach to Color Modeling 169
B Modeling Transparent Materials 171
C Modeling Opaque Materials 174
Opaque Paints 176
Opaque Textiles 181
D Modeling Gonioapparent Materials 184
E Color-Formulation Software 184
F Summary 188
Chapter 10 Color Imaging 189
A Analysis and Synthesis 190
B Color Management 191
C Additive versus Subtractive Mixing 195
D Displays and Encoding 198
E Printing 204
F Digital Cameras 212
Colorimetric Accuracy 213
Spectral Accuracy 217
G Spectral Color Reproduction 219
H Summary 219
Bibliography 221
Annotated Bibliography 237
Recommended Books 243
Index 247
