Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry: Experimental Advances and Simulations is a collection of topics that highlight the use of pharmaceutical chemistry to assess the environment or make drug design and chemical testing more environment friendly. The eleven chapters included in the second part of this book set cover diverse topics, blending the fields of environmental chemistry and medicinal chemistry and have been authored by experts, scientists and academicians from renowned institutions.
This part is more specialized in nature, focusing primarily on the effects of air pollution and water contamination on human health. Chapters covering pharmaceutical interventions and pollution control measures, respectively follow these initial topics. Part II also features specialized topics that aim to address some unique challenges of the above mentioned problems including antibiotic pollution, pharmaceutical analysis of pollutants, chemosensors, biosteric modifications and new drug development strategies against SARS-CoV2.
2. Contributions from more than 40 experts
3. Includes topics covering effects of air pollution on human health and disease
4. Includes specialized topics on pharmaceutical analysis in the environment, and modifications of compounds for pharmaceutical purposes
5. Bibliographic references
This reference is an essential source of information for readers and scholars involved in environmental chemistry, pollution management and pharmaceutical chemistry courses at graduate and undergraduate levels. Professionals and students involved in occupational medicine will also benefit from the wide range of topics covered.
This part is more specialized in nature, focusing primarily on the effects of air pollution and water contamination on human health. Chapters covering pharmaceutical interventions and pollution control measures, respectively follow these initial topics. Part II also features specialized topics that aim to address some unique challenges of the above mentioned problems including antibiotic pollution, pharmaceutical analysis of pollutants, chemosensors, biosteric modifications and new drug development strategies against SARS-CoV2.
Key Features:
1. 11 topics which blend environmental chemistry and medicinal chemistry2. Contributions from more than 40 experts
3. Includes topics covering effects of air pollution on human health and disease
4. Includes specialized topics on pharmaceutical analysis in the environment, and modifications of compounds for pharmaceutical purposes
5. Bibliographic references
This reference is an essential source of information for readers and scholars involved in environmental chemistry, pollution management and pharmaceutical chemistry courses at graduate and undergraduate levels. Professionals and students involved in occupational medicine will also benefit from the wide range of topics covered.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Air Pollution and Its Impact on Respiratory Health- Surya Kant
- Introduction
- Major Air Pollutants
- Types and Sources of Air Pollution
- Primary Air Pollutants
- Secondary Air Pollutants
- Air Pollution Can be of Two Types
- Second-Hand Smoke
- Particulate Matter (Pm)
- National Air Quality Index
- Ozone (O3)
- Carbon Monoxide (Co)
- Nitrogen Oxides (Nox)
- Sulfur Dioxide (So2 )
- Lead
- Impact of Air Pollution on Health
- Prevention of Air Pollution
- Strategies and Solution
- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
- Plantation
- Concluding Remarks
- Suggestions of the Author to Combat Air Pollution
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 2 Cytochrome P450 and Health Hazards of Smog
- Amber Rizvi
- Introduction
- Types of Smog
- Health Hazards of Smog
- Cytochrome P450
- Diseases Caused by Smog and Its Effect on Cyps
- Myocardial Infarction (Mi)
- Mechanism of Cardiotoxicity of Air Pollutants
- Role of Cyps in Mis
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Copd)
- Cyps and Copd
- Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
- Cyps and Atopic Dermatitis
- Coughing
- Cyps and Coughing
- Experimental Work Done on Cyp
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 3 Pharmaceutical and Modelling Interventions for Environmental Pollution Related Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
- Disease
- Tahmeena Khan, Alfred J. Lawrence, Iqal Azad, Shalini Dixit and Saman Raza
- Introduction
- Influencing Factors for Initiation and Modulation
- Copd and Its Association with Common Air Pollutants: a Worldwide Perspective
- Copd and Its Status in India
- Mechanistic Action of Copd- the Chemical and Biochemical
- Approach
- Oxidative Stress
- Protease-Antiprotease Imbalance
- Role of Mediators
- Drug and Pharmacological Advancement
- Tissue and Systematic Inflammation
- Pharmaceutical Interventions
- Corticosteroids
- Bronchodilators
- Saba (Short-Acting Inhaled Beta-Agonists)
- Saba & Sama (Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist) Combination Bronchodilators
- Long-Acting Bronchodilators
- Combination Therapies
- Combination of Corticosteroids and Long-Acting Bronchodilators
- Triple Therapy
- Combination of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Two Long-Acting Bronchodilators (Triple
- Therapy)
- Other Options
- Drawbacks and Need for System Medicinal Approach
- Simulated Medicinal Modeling and Its Significance
- Computational Medicinal Simulation for Copd Treatment
- Computational Lung Modelling
- Multiscale Modelling
- Mechanistic Models
- Machine Learning Models
- Statistical Models
- Copd and Advancement in Modelling
- Copd Progression Modelling
- Experimental Vs. Computational Medicinal Modelling
- Limitations and Need for Future Advancement
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 4 Arsenic Toxicity of Groundwater and Its Remediation for Drinking Water
- Seema Joshi
- Introduction
- Essential Metals
- Non-Essential Metals
- Concept of Toxicity
2. Oxidation State of the Metal
3. Ligand Attached to the Metal Atom
- Detection of Metals
- Treatment for Poisoning
- Role of Metals in Biology
- Sources of Arsenic
- Potential for Human Exposure with Special Emphasis to Uttar
- Pradesh, India
- Districts at High Risk
- District at Moderate Risk
- Mechanisms of Toxicity
- Consequences of Toxicity
- Remediation of Arsenic Toxicity
- Chelating Drugs Used in the Treatment of Arsenic Poisoning
2. Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (Dmsa)
3. 2,3-Dimercapto-1-Propanesulfonic Acid (Dmps)
4. Penicillamine
- Challenges of Chelation Therapy
- Case Study for the Removal of Arsenic
- Chemicals and Reagents
- Preparation of Ferric Hydroxide
- Removal of Arsenic from Spiked Tap Water Using Ferric Hydroxide
- Preparation of Iron Coated Charcoal/Sand
- Experimental Design
- Charcoal Treatment
- Iron Coated Charcoal Treatment
- Iron Coated Coarse Sand Treatment
- Determination of Arsenic
- Findings of the Study
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 5 Studies on Polymeric Ceramic Composite Membranes for Water Treatment
- Fakhra Jabeen, Qazi Inamur Rahman Dqg Miad Ali Siddiq
- Introduction
- Water Pollution
- Parameters of Pollution
- Main Sources of Pollutants
- Membranes and Their Classification
- Synthetic Membrane
- Biological Membrane
- Organic Membranes
- Inorganic Membrane
- Metallic Membranes
- Ceramic Membranes
- Micro-Porous Memeberanes
- Meso-Porous Membranes
- Macro Porous Membranes
- Applications of Ceramic Membranes
- Chemical Industry
- Metal Industry/Surface Engineering
- Textiles/Pulp and Paper Industry
- Food and Beverages
- Recycling and the Environment
- Polyethersulfone Membrane Characteristics and Its Types
- Desalination for Water Treatment
- Types of Desalination Processes
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Desalination
- Processes
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 6 Chemosensors for Anions of Biological and Environmental
- Relevance
- Shweta Agarwal
- Introduction
- Biological Significance of Anions
- Important Techniques for Detection of Anions
- Ion Chromatography (Ic)
- Capillary Electrophoresis (Ce)
- Chemosensors
- Optical Chemosensors for Anions
- Challenges in Development of Chemosensors
- Sensing Mechanisms of Chemosensors
- Binding Site-Signalling Subunit Approach
- Displacement Approach
- Chemodosimeter Approach
- Optical (Colourimetric and Fluorescence) Chemosensors for Anions
- Optical Anion Sensing by Discrete Molecules
- Hydrogen Bond Chemosensors
- Halogen Bond Chemosensors
- Boron Based Lewis Acid Chemosensors
- Metal Complexes as Chemosensors
- Anion-Π Chemosensors
- Chemosensors Based on Electrostatic Interactions
- Chemodosimeters
- Optical Sensing by Molecular Assemblies
- Concluding Remarks
- List of Abbreviations
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 7 Antibiotic Pollution: Challenges and Strategies
- Saman Raza Dqg Tahmeena Khan
- Introduction
- Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
- I. Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
- Ii. Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
- Iii. Disruption of Cell Membranes
- Iv. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- V. Antimetabolite Activity
- Uses of Antibiotics
- Animal Farming
- Agricultural Purposes
- Aquaculture
- Antibiotic Pollution
- Effects of Antibiotic Pollution
- Effect of Antibiotic Pollution on Health: Antibiotic Resistance
- Effects of Antibiotic Pollution on the Environment
- Strategies to Counter Antibiotic Pollution and Resistance
- A. Methods for the Reduction of Antibiotic Pollution
2. Reduction in the Use of Antibiotics
- B. Methods to Counter Antibiotic Resistance
2. Development of New Antibiotics
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 8 Analytical Advancement for Pharmaceuticals
- Quantification in Environmental Matrices
- Anushka Pandey, Manisha Bhateria Dqg Sheelendra Pratap Singh
- Introduction
- Analytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment
- Sample Preservation
- I. Filtration
- Ii. Non-Acidic Preservative Agent
- Iii. Acidifying Agents
- Sample Preparation
- I. Liquid-Liquid Extraction (Lle)
- Ii. Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (Dllme)
- Iii. Solid - Phase Extraction (Spe)
Author
- Tahmeena Khan
- Abdul Rahman Khan
- Saman Raza
- Iqbal Azad
