The increase in consumer awareness and literacy level for maintaining personal hygiene is a major factor that drives the growth of the period care products market across the globe. Along with this rise in awareness about various diseases which can be caused by avoiding such products also fuels the market demand. Moreover, rise in number of working women across the globe acts as a key driver for the growth of the period care products market. Furthermore, penetration of international brands in the untapped market has propelled the demand for these products in the market. However, health concerns due to ingredients used in conventional sanitary napkins is expected to hamper growth of the market during the forecast period. Nevertheless, rapid growth of online retail platform is expected to offer immense opportunities for the market, in terms of value sales during the forecast period.
The period care products market is categorized into nature, product type, age group distribution channel, and region. By nature, it is classified into disposable and reusable. By product type, it is divided into sanitary pads, tampons & menstrual cup, panty liners & shields and period underwear. By age group, it is divided into upto 18 years, 19-30 years, 31-40 years, 40 years and above. By distribution channel, it is segregated into department store, grocery store, convenience store, dollar store, retail pharmacy, supermarket, online and others. By region, it is analyzed across North America (the U. S., Canada, and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, the UK, Italy, Spain, Russia, and rest of Europe), Asia-Pacific (China, India, Australia & New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, and rest of Asia-Pacific), and LAMEA (Brazil, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Argentina, and Rest of LAMEA).
Some of the major players operating in the global period care products industry analyzed in this report include Edgewell Personal Care Company, Essity Aktiebolag, First Quality Enterprises, Incorporation, Hengan International Group Co. Limited, Johnson & Johnson, Kao Corporation, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Ontex BV, Procter & Gamble Company and Unicharm Corporation.
KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS
This report provides a quantitative analysis of the market segments, current trends, estimations, and dynamics of the period care market analysis from 2021 to 2031 to identify the prevailing period care market opportunities.The market research is offered along with information related to key drivers, restraints, and opportunities.
Porter's five forces analysis highlights the potency of buyers and suppliers to enable stakeholders make profit-oriented business decisions and strengthen their supplier-buyer network.
In-depth analysis of the period care market segmentation assists to determine the prevailing market opportunities.
Major countries in each region are mapped according to their revenue contribution to the global market.
Market player positioning facilitates benchmarking and provides a clear understanding of the present position of the market players.
The report includes the analysis of the regional as well as global period care market trends, key players, market segments, application areas, and market growth strategies.
Key Market Segments
By Nature
- Disposable
- Reusable
By Type
- Sanitary Pads
- Tampons and Menstrual Cup
- Panty liners and Shields
- Period Underwear
By Distribution Channel
- Department Store
- Grocery Store
- Convenience Store
- Dollar Store
- Retail Pharmacy
- Supermarket
- Online
- Others
By Age Group
- Upto 18 Years
- 19-30 Years
- 31-40 Years
- 40 Years and above
By Region
- North America
- U. S.
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- UK
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- Russia
- Rest Of Europe
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- Australia And New Zealand
- South Korea
- Asean
- Rest Of Asia-Pacific
- LAMEA
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Saudi Arabia
- South Africa
- Rest Of LAMEA
Key Market Players
- Edgewell Personal Care
- Essity Aktiebolag
- First Quality Enterprises, Inc
- Hengan International Group Company Ltd.,
- Johnson & Johnson
- Kao Corp.
- Kimberly-Clark Corp.
- Ontex BV
- Proctor & Gamble Co.
- Unicharm Corp.
Please note:
- Online Access price format is valid for 60 days access. Printing is not enabled.
- PDF Single and Enterprise price formats enable printing.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.1. Report description
1.2. Key market segments
1.3. Key benefits to the stakeholders
1.4. Research Methodology
1.4.1. Secondary research
1.4.2. Primary research
1.4.3. Analyst tools and models
CHAPTER 2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.1. Key findings of the study
2.2. CXO Perspective
CHAPTER 3: MARKET OVERVIEW
3.1. Market definition and scope
3.2. Key findings
3.2.1. Top investment pockets
3.3. Porter’s five forces analysis
3.4. Top player positioning
3.5. Market dynamics
3.5.1. Drivers
3.5.2. Restraints
3.5.3. Opportunities
3.6. COVID-19 Impact Analysis on the market
CHAPTER 4: PERIOD CARE MARKET, BY NATURE
4.1 Overview
4.1.1 Market size and forecast
4.2 Disposable
4.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
4.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
4.2.3 Market share analysis by country
4.3 Reusable
4.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
4.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
4.3.3 Market share analysis by country
CHAPTER 5: PERIOD CARE MARKET, BY TYPE
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 Market size and forecast
5.2 Sanitary Pads
5.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
5.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
5.2.3 Market share analysis by country
5.3 Tampons and Menstrual Cup
5.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
5.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
5.3.3 Market share analysis by country
5.4 Panty liners and Shields
5.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
5.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
5.4.3 Market share analysis by country
5.5 Period Underwear
5.5.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
5.5.2 Market size and forecast, by region
5.5.3 Market share analysis by country
CHAPTER 6: PERIOD CARE MARKET, BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL
6.1 Overview
6.1.1 Market size and forecast
6.2 Department Store
6.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
6.2.3 Market share analysis by country
6.3 Grocery Store
6.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
6.3.3 Market share analysis by country
6.4 Convenience Store
6.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
6.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
6.4.3 Market share analysis by country
6.5 Dollar Store
6.5.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
6.5.2 Market size and forecast, by region
6.5.3 Market share analysis by country
6.6 Retail Pharmacy
6.6.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
6.6.2 Market size and forecast, by region
6.6.3 Market share analysis by country
6.7 Supermarket
6.7.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
6.7.2 Market size and forecast, by region
6.7.3 Market share analysis by country
6.8 Online
6.8.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
6.8.2 Market size and forecast, by region
6.8.3 Market share analysis by country
6.9 Others
6.9.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
6.9.2 Market size and forecast, by region
6.9.3 Market share analysis by country
CHAPTER 7: PERIOD CARE MARKET, BY AGE GROUP
7.1 Overview
7.1.1 Market size and forecast
7.2 Upto 18 Years
7.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
7.2.2 Market size and forecast, by region
7.2.3 Market share analysis by country
7.3 19-30 Years
7.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
7.3.2 Market size and forecast, by region
7.3.3 Market share analysis by country
7.4 31-40 Years
7.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
7.4.2 Market size and forecast, by region
7.4.3 Market share analysis by country
7.5 40 Years and above
7.5.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
7.5.2 Market size and forecast, by region
7.5.3 Market share analysis by country
CHAPTER 8: PERIOD CARE MARKET, BY REGION
8.1 Overview
8.1.1 Market size and forecast
8.2 North America
8.2.1 Key trends and opportunities
8.2.2 North America Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.2.3 North America Market size and forecast, by Type
8.2.4 North America Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.2.5 North America Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.2.6 North America Market size and forecast, by country
8.2.6.1 U. S.
8.2.6.1.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.2.6.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.2.6.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.2.6.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.2.6.1.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.2.6.2 Canada
8.2.6.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.2.6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.2.6.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.2.6.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.2.6.2.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.2.6.3 Mexico
8.2.6.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.2.6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.2.6.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.2.6.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.2.6.3.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.3 Europe
8.3.1 Key trends and opportunities
8.3.2 Europe Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.3.3 Europe Market size and forecast, by Type
8.3.4 Europe Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.3.5 Europe Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.3.6 Europe Market size and forecast, by country
8.3.6.1 UK
8.3.6.1.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.3.6.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.3.6.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.3.6.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.3.6.1.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.3.6.2 Germany
8.3.6.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.3.6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.3.6.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.3.6.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.3.6.2.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.3.6.3 France
8.3.6.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.3.6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.3.6.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.3.6.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.3.6.3.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.3.6.4 Italy
8.3.6.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.3.6.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.3.6.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.3.6.4.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.3.6.4.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.3.6.5 Spain
8.3.6.5.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.3.6.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.3.6.5.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.3.6.5.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.3.6.5.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.3.6.6 Russia
8.3.6.6.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.3.6.6.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.3.6.6.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.3.6.6.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.3.6.6.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.3.6.7 Rest of Europe
8.3.6.7.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.3.6.7.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.3.6.7.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.3.6.7.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.3.6.7.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.4 Asia-Pacific
8.4.1 Key trends and opportunities
8.4.2 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.4.3 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Type
8.4.4 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.4.5 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.4.6 Asia-Pacific Market size and forecast, by country
8.4.6.1 China
8.4.6.1.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.4.6.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.4.6.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.4.6.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.4.6.1.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.4.6.2 Japan
8.4.6.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.4.6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.4.6.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.4.6.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.4.6.2.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.4.6.3 India
8.4.6.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.4.6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.4.6.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.4.6.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.4.6.3.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.4.6.4 Australia And New Zealand
8.4.6.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.4.6.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.4.6.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.4.6.4.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.4.6.4.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.4.6.5 South Korea
8.4.6.5.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.4.6.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.4.6.5.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.4.6.5.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.4.6.5.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.4.6.6 Asean
8.4.6.6.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.4.6.6.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.4.6.6.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.4.6.6.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.4.6.6.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.4.6.7 Rest of Asia-Pacific
8.4.6.7.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.4.6.7.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.4.6.7.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.4.6.7.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.4.6.7.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.5 LAMEA
8.5.1 Key trends and opportunities
8.5.2 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.5.3 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Type
8.5.4 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.5.5 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.5.6 LAMEA Market size and forecast, by country
8.5.6.1 Brazil
8.5.6.1.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.5.6.1.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.5.6.1.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.5.6.1.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.5.6.1.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.5.6.2 Argentina
8.5.6.2.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.5.6.2.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.5.6.2.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.5.6.2.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.5.6.2.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.5.6.3 Saudi Arabia
8.5.6.3.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.5.6.3.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.5.6.3.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.5.6.3.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.5.6.3.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.5.6.4 South Africa
8.5.6.4.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.5.6.4.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.5.6.4.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.5.6.4.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.5.6.4.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
8.5.6.5 Rest of LAMEA
8.5.6.5.1 Key market trends, growth factors and opportunities
8.5.6.5.2 Market size and forecast, by Nature
8.5.6.5.3 Market size and forecast, by Type
8.5.6.5.4 Market size and forecast, by Distribution Channel
8.5.6.5.5 Market size and forecast, by Age Group
CHAPTER 9: COMPANY LANDSCAPE
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Top winning strategies
9.3. Product Mapping of Top 10 Player
9.4. Competitive Dashboard
9.5. Competitive Heatmap
9.6. Key developments
CHAPTER 10: COMPANY PROFILES
10.1 Edgewell Personal Care
10.1.1 Company overview
10.1.2 Company snapshot
10.1.3 Operating business segments
10.1.4 Product portfolio
10.1.5 Business performance
10.1.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.2 Essity Aktiebolag
10.2.1 Company overview
10.2.2 Company snapshot
10.2.3 Operating business segments
10.2.4 Product portfolio
10.2.5 Business performance
10.2.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.3 First Quality Enterprises,Inc
10.3.1 Company overview
10.3.2 Company snapshot
10.3.3 Operating business segments
10.3.4 Product portfolio
10.3.5 Business performance
10.3.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.4 Hengan International Group Company Ltd.,
10.4.1 Company overview
10.4.2 Company snapshot
10.4.3 Operating business segments
10.4.4 Product portfolio
10.4.5 Business performance
10.4.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.5 Johnson & Johnson
10.5.1 Company overview
10.5.2 Company snapshot
10.5.3 Operating business segments
10.5.4 Product portfolio
10.5.5 Business performance
10.5.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.6 Kao Corp.
10.6.1 Company overview
10.6.2 Company snapshot
10.6.3 Operating business segments
10.6.4 Product portfolio
10.6.5 Business performance
10.6.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.7 Kimberly-Clark Corp.
10.7.1 Company overview
10.7.2 Company snapshot
10.7.3 Operating business segments
10.7.4 Product portfolio
10.7.5 Business performance
10.7.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.8 Ontex BV
10.8.1 Company overview
10.8.2 Company snapshot
10.8.3 Operating business segments
10.8.4 Product portfolio
10.8.5 Business performance
10.8.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.9 Proctor & Gamble Co.
10.9.1 Company overview
10.9.2 Company snapshot
10.9.3 Operating business segments
10.9.4 Product portfolio
10.9.5 Business performance
10.9.6 Key strategic moves and developments
10.10 Unicharm Corp.
10.10.1 Company overview
10.10.2 Company snapshot
10.10.3 Operating business segments
10.10.4 Product portfolio
10.10.5 Business performance
10.10.6 Key strategic moves and developments
Executive Summary
According to this report, titled, 'Period Care Market,' the period care market size was valued at $34.7 billion in 2021, and is estimated to reach $51.9 billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2022 to 2031.Period care products are the type of personal care products, used during menstruation. Moreover, an increase in the disposable income of consumers in developed countries leads to rising demand for premium products. This results in greater adoption of sanitary protection products among women. Moreover, women majorly try to purchase biodegradable, compostable, and eco-friendly sanitary products, to avoid negative impacts on the environment due to the disposal of sanitary waste. This offers a lucrative opportunity for manufacturers to invest in the production of such innovative products and strengthen their market position.
The outbreak of coronavirus has had minimal impact on the period care industry along with all stages of the supply chain and value chain. Presently, the supply chain is far more complex as compared to what it was a decade ago. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only hampered production facilities but also disrupted supply chains such as material suppliers and distributors of the period care products market globally.
Furthermore, an increase in the level of consumer education and growth in awareness about alternative hygiene products such as tampons and panty liners have led to an increase in period care market demand for these products in developing countries. Moreover, various types of retail formats such as departmental stores, supermarkets, and specialty stores have propelled the demand for tampons in developing countries. Therefore, an increase in demand for tampons and panty liners in developing countries provides lucrative opportunities for global players to gain a foothold in this market.
An increase in online store sales, ease in payment options, and the facility to enter new international markets for major brands are anticipated to fuel demand for the period care market during the period care market forecast period. According to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), there was an increase of 30% in the EU-27 retail sales via mail order houses or the Internet in April 2020 compared to April 2019.
The period care market is expected to experience growth in the period care market size during the forecast period owing to an increase in the level of consumer education and growth in awareness about alternative hygiene products such as tampons and panty liners have led to an increase in demand for these products in developing countries. Moreover, various types of retail formats such as departmental stores, supermarkets, and specialty stores have propelled the demand for tampons in developing countries. Therefore, an increase in demand for tampons and panty liners in developing countries provides lucrative opportunities for global players to gain a foothold in this market.
The rising demand for organic and biodegradable period care products is expected to be one of the period care market trends driving the period care market growth since the best solution is to use sanitary products made from organic materials such as organic cotton to reduce the risk of being subjected to harmful chemicals, dyes, and other irritants found in mainstream period care products such as sanitary napkins or tampons. There is an increase in the demand for such products in developed regions such as Europe and North America. Therefore, this stands as a lucrative period care market opportunity for manufacturers to invest in the production of such innovative products and strengthen their market position. As the disposal of menstrual waste causes negative impacts on the environment, women are making the responsible choice of opting for biodegradable sanitary napkins. For instance, Little Angels, the Australian producer of period care products, produces biodegradable, compostable, and eco-friendly sanitary napkins. Moreover, the demand for these napkins is on the rise, which is a promising opportunity for manufacturers to gain a strong foothold in the market.
Some of the major players taken into consideration for the period care market analysis in this report include Edgewell Personal Care Company, Essity Aktiebolag, First Quality Enterprises Incorporation, Hengan International Group Co. Limited, Johnson & Johnson, Kao Corporation, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Ontex BV, Procter & Gamble Company, and Unicharm Corporation.
Key findings of the study
By nature, the disposable segment accounted for the highest market share in 2021, growing at a CAGR of 3.9% from 2022 to 2031.By product type, the sanitary pads segment accounted for the highest period care products market share in 2021, growing at a CAGR of 3.6% from 2022 to 2031.
By distribution channel, the retail pharmacy segment accounted for the highest market share in 2021, growing at a CAGR of 3.6% from 2022 to 2031.
By age group, the 19-30 years segment accounted for the highest period care market share in 2021, growing at a CAGR of 4.8% from 2022 to 2031.
By region, Asia-Pacific occupied the maximum share in the market in 2021 and is expected to be the dominating segment during the period care products market forecast period.
Companies Mentioned
- Edgewell Personal Care
- Essity Aktiebolag
- First Quality Enterprises,Inc.
- Hengan International Group Company Ltd.
- Johnson & Johnson
- Kao Corp.
- Kimberly-Clark Corp.
- Ontex Bv
- Proctor & Gamble Co.
- Unicharm Corp.
Methodology
The analyst offers exhaustive research and analysis based on a wide variety of factual inputs, which largely include interviews with industry participants, reliable statistics, and regional intelligence. The in-house industry experts play an instrumental role in designing analytic tools and models, tailored to the requirements of a particular industry segment. The primary research efforts include reaching out participants through mail, tele-conversations, referrals, professional networks, and face-to-face interactions.
They are also in professional corporate relations with various companies that allow them greater flexibility for reaching out to industry participants and commentators for interviews and discussions.
They also refer to a broad array of industry sources for their secondary research, which typically include; however, not limited to:
- Company SEC filings, annual reports, company websites, broker & financial reports, and investor presentations for competitive scenario and shape of the industry
- Scientific and technical writings for product information and related preemptions
- Regional government and statistical databases for macro analysis
- Authentic news articles and other related releases for market evaluation
- Internal and external proprietary databases, key market indicators, and relevant press releases for market estimates and forecast
Furthermore, the accuracy of the data will be analyzed and validated by conducting additional primaries with various industry experts and KOLs. They also provide robust post-sales support to clients.
LOADING...
Table Information
Report Attribute | Details |
---|---|
No. of Pages | 350 |
Published | October 2022 |
Forecast Period | 2021 - 2031 |
Estimated Market Value ( USD | $ 34707.2 million |
Forecasted Market Value ( USD | $ 51863.4 million |
Compound Annual Growth Rate | 4.1% |
Regions Covered | Global |
No. of Companies Mentioned | 10 |