A balanced and multidisciplinary exploration of the One Health concept
In One Health: Human, Animal, and Environment Triad, a team of distinguished researchers introduces and explains the concept of One Health by providing an overview of the One Health idea from the perspective of diverse disciplines, from earth and environmental science to ecology and conservation to veterinary and human medicine. The authors also present case studies demonstrating the real-world challenges and opportunities of this interdisciplinary approach to sustainable human well-being.
Readers will find insightful discussions of the interactions between chemical pollutants and water, soil, and the atmosphere, as well as detailed examinations of sustainable food supply, waste management, and pathogen control, backed up by extensive reference data.
One Health: Human, Animal, and Environment Triad also includes:
- The emergence and re-emergence of zoonoses and other infectious diseases
- The behavior of microplastics in soil and water
- Organic farming and its influence on soil health
- The role of light for human well-being
Perfect for researchers interested in global health, ecological health, medical geology, toxicology, epidemiology, and zoonotic diseases, One Health: Human, Animal, and Environment Triad will also benefit professionals with an interest in public health and other public services, resource conservation, waste management, and the circular economy.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xix
Preface xxv
Section I One Health Approach 1
1 The Need for One Health Approach at the Recent Anthropocene 3
Novil Wijeskara
1.1 Anthropocene 3
1.2 Infectious Diseases: Animals to Humans 3
1.3 Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases 3
1.4 Definition of One Health 6
1.5 Other Paradigms to One Health 8
1.6 One Health Fundamentals 8
1.7 International Health Regulations and Its Evaluation Mechanisms 9
1.8 Global Health Security Agenda 10
1.9 COVID-19 and One Health 13
1.10 Road Map for One Health 15
1.11 Challenges of One Health Approach 15
Acknowledgment 16
References 16
2 Emergence and Re-emergence of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs): Looking at “One Health” Through the Lens of Ecology 19
Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Progya Mukherjee, Meththika Vithanage, and Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Emerging Infectious Diseases 20
2.3 Genesis of EIDs: Tracing from Natural History 20
2.4 Global Trends of EIDs 22
2.5 Changes in Pathogen, Vector, and Human Ecology: A Faustian Bargain for EIDs 23
2.6 Forests and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Unleashing the Beast Within 27
2.7 Humans as the Dominant Driver of Emergence and Resurgence of EIDs 29
2.8 Global Warming and EIDs 30
2.9 COVID-19: The Latest Avatar of the EID 32
2.10 Mitigation 33
2.11 Conclusion 34
References 35
3 Environmental Interfaces for One Health 39
Rasika Jinadasa
3.1 Environment is the Most Dynamic Component of the One Health Triad 39
3.2 Anthropogenic Alteration of Natural Landscapes Reduces Biodiversity and Promotes Emergence and Spread of Infectious Diseases 39
3.3 Climate Change Modify the Behavior of Reservoir Species of Zoonotic Pathogens and the Viability of the Pathogens in the Environment 40
3.4 Urbanization Creates Novel Habitats for Adaptable Species and New Niches for Diseases 41
3.5 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Is One of the Largest Threats to Global Public Health 41
3.6 Transmission Dynamics of AMR in the Environmental and Wildlife Are Less Understood, or Neglected 41
3.7 Major Anthropogenic Drivers of Zoonotic Disease Emergence Also Drives the Emergence and Spread of AMR in Environment 42
3.8 Food-Producing Environments Play a Critical Role in the Emergence and Spread of AMR 42
3.9 Wildlife Also Plays a Very Significant Role in the Ecology and Dissemination of AMR 43
3.10 AMR is Not Monitored Regularly Using Standard Methods 43
3.11 Global and National Action Plans on AMR 44
References 44
4 Zoonoses: The Rising Threat to Human Health 49
B.G.D.N.K. de Silva, H. Harischandra, and S.U. Nimalratna
4.1 What is a Zoonotic Disease? 49
4.2 Classification of Zoonotic Diseases 50
4.3 Direct Contact 53
4.4 Indirect Contact 54
4.5 Who Is at Risk of Zoonoses? 59
4.6 Factors Contributing to the Emergence and Reemergence of Zoonotic Diseases 60
4.7 Prevention of Zoonotic Diseases 61
4.8 One Health Initiative 61
References 62
5 Microplastics in Soil and Water: Vector Behavior 63
Ewa Wiśniowska
5.1 Introduction 63
5.2 Concentrations of Inorganic Pollutants Adsorbed on Microplastics 65
5.3 Concentrations of Organic Micropollutants Adsorbed on Microplastics 67
5.4 Microplastics as Source of Plastic Additives and Decomposition Products 69
5.5 Microplastics as a Base for Microorganisms Growth 70
5.6 Conclusions 71
References 71
Section II Environmental Domains for One Health 75
6 Cyanotoxin in Hydrosphere and Human Interface 77
Dhammika N. Magana-Arachchi and Rasika P. Wanigatunge
6.1 Introduction 77
6.2 Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins 77
6.3 Modes of Human Exposure to Cyanotoxins and Illnesses Associated with Cyanotoxins 81
6.4 The Future Directions for Effective Risk Management of Toxic Cyanobacteria 83
6.5 Conclusion 84
Acknowledgment 84
References 84
7 Contributions to One Health Approach to Solve Geogenic Health Issues 87
Rohana Chandrajith and Johannes A.C. Barth
7.1 Introduction 87
7.2 Medical Geology - Historical Perspective 88
7.3 Pathways of Elements in the Geoenvironment 88
7.4 The Hydrologic Cycle and One Health 90
7.5 Geology and Health - Some Examples 91
7.6 Conclusions 93
References 93
8 Disasters: Health and Environment Interphase 97
Novil Wijeskara
8.1 Key Terminology on Disasters 97
8.2 Effects of Disasters on Environment and Health 103
8.3 Managing Natural Disasters to Minimize Effects on Human Health 106
8.4 Shifting the Focus: Response to Disaster Risk Management 107
8.5 Resilience: A New Paradigm 108
8.6 Areas for Future Research and Practice 110
Acknowledgment 111
References 111
9 Role of Microorganisms in Bioavailability of Soil Pollutants 113
H.M.S.P. Madawala
9.1 Introduction 113
9.2 Soil Pollution: The Global Scenario 114
9.3 Types of Soil Pollutants 115
9.4 Emerging Pollutants 115
9.5 Fates of Soil Pollutants 116
9.6 Why Microbes? 116
9.7 Organic Soil Pollutants 117
9.8 Potentially Toxic Elements (Heavy Metals) 120
9.9 Microplastics 122
9.9.1 Nanomaterials 123
9.10 A Final Inference 123
References 124
10 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Migration from Water to Soil-Plant Systems, Health Risks, and Implications for Remediation 133
Viraj Gunarathne, Meththika Vithanage, and Jörg Rinklebe
10.1 Introduction 133
10.2 Sources of PFAS Contamination 134
10.3 Biotransformation of PFAS 135
10.4 Transportation and Occurrence of PFAS in Water Resources 136
10.5 PFAS in Soil and Interactions 137
10.6 Plant Interactions and Uptake of PFAS 138
10.7 Health Risks of PFAS 140
10.8 Implications for Remediation 140
10.9 Recommendations and Future Research Directions 141
References 142
11 One Health Relationships in Microbe-Human Domain 147
Nimroth Ambanpola, Kapila N. Seneviratne, and Nimanthi Jayathilaka
11.1 Microbial Domain in Human 147
11.2 Normal Bacterial Makeup of the Body 147
11.3 How Microbiome Impact on Human Health and Homeostasis 149
11.4 Factors That Influence the Microbial Domain Due to Interactions Between Humans, Animals, Plants, and Our Environment 153
11.5 One Health Threats 154
11.6 Animals as Early Warning Signs of Potential Human Illness 155
11.7 Tools for Studying the Shared Microbiome 155
11.8 Concluding Remarks 158
References 158
12 Biomedical Waste During COVID-19: Status, Management, and Treatment 161
Sanchayita Rajkhowa and Jyotirmoy Sarma
12.1 Introduction 161
12.2 Composition of Healthcare Waste 162
12.3 Waste Management Strategies During COVID-19 Pandemic 163
12.4 Treatment of BMW During COVID-19 164
12.5 Healthcare Solid Waste Treatment Techniques 165
12.6 Future Aspects and Conclusion 166
References 167
13 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Disease Transmission: Learning from COVID-19 Data 169
Naleen Chaminda Ganegoda, Dipo Aldila, and Karunia Putra Wijaya
13.1 Introduction 169
13.2 Data Processing 170
13.3 Spatial Autocorrelation 170
13.4 Spatiotemporal Analysis 176
13.5 Discussion 179
Acknowledgments 182
References 182
14 Organic Farming: The Influence on Soil Health 185
Jithya Wijesinghe, Shermila M. Botheju, Bhagya Nallaperuma, and Niwantha Kanuwana
14.1 Introduction 185
14.2 Soil Health 186
14.3 Organic Farming Affecting Soil Health: Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties 188
14.4 Organic Farming Toward One Health 192
14.5 Challenges, Trends, and Prospects 194
References 194
15 Chronic Kidney Disease with Uncertain Etiology in Sri Lanka: Selected Case Studies 199
Saranga Diyabalanage and Rohana Chandrajith
15.1 Introduction 199
15.2 Prevalence of CKDu in Sri Lanka 199
15.3 Etiology of CKDu 200
15.4 Influence of Hydro-geochemical Quality of Drinking Water 202
15.5 Influence of Biochemical Factors on CKDu 206
15.6 Future Directions 207
References 207
16 Waste in One Health: Building Resilient Communities Through Sustainable Waste Management 211
Randika Jayasinghe, Pabasari Arundathi Koliyabandara, and Meththika Vithanage
16.1 Introduction 211
16.2 Waste and Environmental Health 211
16.3 Waste and Human Health 213
16.4 Waste and Animal Health 213
16.5 Waste Management During and Post- COVID- 19 Pandemic 214
16.6 Futuristic Approaches in Waste Management 215
16.7 Final Remarks 217
References 217
17 One Health Approach for Eye Care: Is It a Boon or Hype 221
Narayanan Janakiraman, Lakshmi Badrinarayanan, Dhanashree Ratra, and Sailaja V. Elchuri
Abbreviations 221
17.1 Introduction 221
17.2 Eye - The Visual Organ 222
17.3 Eye Diseases 222
17.4 Cornea and Its Diseases 223
17.5 Types of Corneal Injuries 224
17.6 Retina and Its Diseases 225
17.7 Environmental Effect on Eye Diseases 232
17.8 Microbes and Eye Diseases 233
17.9 Eye Cancers and Environment 233
17.10 Eye Diseases and COVID Infection 234
17.11 Role of Community Screening by Optometrists 235
17.12 Role of Community Awareness Programs 236
17.13 The Role of Green Landscapes in Eye Health 236
17.14 Ocular Health and One Health Approach 236
References 236
18 Wastes in One Health - African Perspective 243
R.M. Nalwanga, M. Kaziro, J. Nattabi, V. Kantono, J. Kyayesimira, and F. Muheirwe
18.1 Introduction 243
18.2 Waste Categorization 243
18.3 Plastics 244
18.4 Domestic Garbage 244
18.5 Liquid Waste 244
18.6 Radioactive Waste 244
18.7 Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (e- Waste) 245
18.8 Drivers of Wastes Generation in Africa 245
18.9 Poor Handling Practices of Wastes 245
18.10 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions of Wastes in One Health 246
18.11 Environmental Degradation of Improper Waste Disposal 246
18.12 Impact of Exposure to Waste on Human Health 246
18.13 Contemporary Issues: Waste Management and Antimicrobial Resistance 248
18.14 Waste Management Practices 249
18.15 Actionable Recommendations on Waste in One Health 250
References 250
19 Endocrine Disruptors and Female Reproductive Health: A Problem to Tackle with One Health Perspective 255
Luhan Jiang, Kai-Fai Lee, and Suranga P. Kodithuwakku
19.1 Introduction 255
19.2 Endocrine Disruptors 256
19.3 Human Female Reproductive Tract 257
19.4 Mitigating the Exposure/Impact of EDCs and Future Research Through the “One Health” Approach 265
19.5 Concluding Remarks 265
References 266
20 Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses in South Asia: Challenges of One Health 273
T.M.A.H. Tennakoon and K.K. Wijesundera
20.1 One Health Concept 273
20.2 Zoonoses 274
20.3 Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonoses in South Asia 275
20.4 Challenges of Implementing One Health in South Asia 280
20.5 Conclusion 282
Acknowledgments 282
References 282
21 Impacts of Crop Protection Practices on Human Infectious Diseases: Agroecology as the Preferred Strategy to Integrate Crop Plant Health Within the Extended “One Health” Framework 287
Alain Ratnadass, Peninna Deberdt, Thibaud Martin, Mathilde Sester, and Jean-Philippe Deguine
21.1 Introduction 287
21.2 Limits of the Study 287
21.3 A Conceptual Framework to Position Crop Protection Practices 289
21.4 Discussion and Conclusion 299
References 300
22 Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance Needs One Health Approach 309
Yasodhara Gunasekara, Sanda Kottawatta, Thilini Nisansala, Ayona Silva-Fletcher, and Ruwani Kalupahana
22.1 Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): A Brief Overview 309
22.2 AMR: Antimicrobials, Their Origin, and Development of Resistance 309
22.3 AMR: Types and Mechanisms 311
22.4 AMR: No Boundaries for Transmission 311
22.5 AMR: Current Status 313
22.6 AMR: Inter and Intra Transmission Among Humans, Animals, and Environment 315
22.7 One Health Approach for Tackling AMR 317
22.8 Constraints in Implementing One Health Approach 320
22.9 Conclusion 320
References 320
23 Eco-epidemiology of Tick-Borne Pathogens: Role of Tick Vectors and Host Animal Community Composition in Their Circulation and Source of Infections 325
Rupika S. Rajakaruna and Marina E. Eremeeva
23.1 General Features of Tick Biology 325
23.2 Ecological Factors Affecting Tick-Borne Agents 327
23.3 Ticks and Tick-Transmitted Pathogens in the United States 328
23.4 Ticks and Tick-Transmitted Pathogens in Sri Lanka 335
23.5 The One Health Approach to Understanding Tick-Borne Disease Agents 340
23.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 342
Acknowledgments 342
References 342
24 Natural Enemies Against Dengue: Opportunities and Constraints on Biological Control of Dengue Vectors in Sri Lanka 351
Lahiru Udayanga, Sandun J. Perera, and Tharaka Ranathunge
24.1 Dengue: The Fastest Spreading Vector-Borne Disease 351
24.2 Management Strategies of Dengue 351
24.3 Biological Control of Dengue 352
24.4 Biological Control of Dengue in Sri Lanka 353
24.5 Carnivorous Mosquito Larvae 354
24.6 Carnivorous Aquatic Plants 354
24.7 Endoparasitic Ciliates with Antagonistic Effect 356
24.8 Ecological Perspective of Biological Control 356
24.9 Opportunities, Constraints, and Way Forward 358
Acknowledgments 359
References 359
Section III Futuristic Approach for One Health 363
25 Planetary Health: Rethinking Health 365
Novil Wijeskara
25.1 Impact of Humans on the Planet 365
25.2 Paradigm Shift: Human to Planetary Health 374
25.3 Approaches to Promote Planetary Health 380
25.4 Measure Growth, Progress, and Development and Govern Ourselves 382
Acknowledgment 382
References 384
26 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogenic Organisms in Food and Water: Health Implications and Environmental Risk 389
Bhoirob Gogoi, Neehasri Kumar Chowdhury, Suprity Shyam, Reshma Choudhury, Mitali Chetia, Tanushree Basumatary, and Hemen Sarma
26.1 Introduction 389
26.2 SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens in Food and Drinking Water 390
26.3 Food as a Non-Droplet Spreading Route of Pathogen 396
26.4 Water is a Carrier of SARS-CoV-2 With Other Pathogens 399
26.5 Eradication Methods of Pathogen for Safety and Sustainability 400
26.6 Disadvantage of Chemical Remediation of Foodborne Pathogen 400
26.7 Biological Remediation and its Advantage 403
26.8 Conclusion 404
Acknowledgments 405
Conflict of Interest 405
Funding 405
Credit Author Statement 405
References 405
27 Modifying the Anthropocene Equation with One Health Concept 411
Nalika R. Dayananda
27.1 “A” for Anthropocene 411
27.2 The Inseparability of Human, Animal, and Environmental Health; One Health Concept 412
27.3 Trends in Global Environmental Change in Recent Anthropocene 413
27.4 Challenges to One Health in the Recent Anthropocene 414
27.5 From One Health Concept to Practice 416
27.6 Conclusion 417
References 418
28 Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Soils 421
G.A.H. Galahitigama and N.P.M. Abeysinghe
28.1 Introduction 421
28.2 Bioavailability Process in Soil 421
28.3 Factors Affecting Bioavailability Process 423
28.4 Soil-Plant Transfer of Trace Elements 424
28.5 Strategies Used to Control the Bioavailability of TEs 425
28.6 Remarks 430
References 431
29 “Light” as an Environmental Factor for the Well-Being of the “Plant, Animal, and Human Triad” 435
Prasada Rao Allu, Lakshmi Badrinarayanan, and Sailaja V. Elchuri
29.1 Introduction 435
29.2 Phototropic Movements in Retina and Visual Function 435
29.3 Phototropism in Plants 436
29.4 Phototropisms and Phototaxis in Animals 437
29.5 Photomorphogenesis 438
29.6 Photosynthesis 438
29.7 Heliotropic Movements in Animals, Humans, and Plants 439
29.8 Heliotropic Movements in Plants - Case Study of Plants Grown at University of Hyderabad 439
29.9 Solar Tracking can be Modeled by Quantum Mechanics 442
29.10 Genetic Basis of Movements 442
29.11 Vision in Animals, Unicellular to Multicellular Organism, and Rhodopsin Cycle 444
29.12 Optogenetics: Photoreceptors, Neural Circuits, and Light-Induced Channels 446
29.13 Metabolites, Circadian Clock, and Sleep Pattern in Humans Under Altered Light Conditions 447
29.14 Light Therapy for Human Diseases 448
29.15 Conclusion and Prospects 450
Acknowledgments 450
References 451
Index 457
