Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this second volume in a two-volume set focuses on an interdisciplinary perspective on the financial, environmental, and other benefits of smart grid technologies and solutions for smart cities.
This second volume in this groundbreaking two-volume set continues the authors’ and editors’ mission to present the concepts and best practices of smart grids and how they can be utilized within the framework of a technological tapestry to create smart cities. Continuing to go through the challenges and their practical solutions, this second volume includes chapters on waste management, e-waste, automotive and transportation engineering, and how internet-of-things can be utilized within these “smart” technologies, and many others.
Like its predecessor, this exciting new volume covers all of these technologies, including the basic concepts and the problems and solutions involved with practical applications in the real world. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
21 Smart Child Tracking System 1
Vijayan Sumathi, Mohamed Abdullah. J., Rethinam Senthil and E. Prema
21.1 Introduction 1
21.2 System Modeling 3
21.3 Hardware Design 3
21.4 Results and Discussion 5
21.5 Conclusion 7
References 8
22 Smart Vehicular Parking Systems for Open Parking Lots 11
Sidharth Mishra, Rohan B., D. Subbulekshmi, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and Raana Cariappa Kalianda
22.1 Introduction 11
22.2 Description of Smart Parking System 12
22.3 Circuit Diagram 13
22.4 Block Diagram 14
22.5 Working Principle 15
22.6 Results and Inference 17
22.7 Conclusion 19
Future Scope 19
Bibliography 19
23 Two Efficient Approaches to Building a Recommendation Engine for Movies Based on Collaborative Filtering on User Ratings 21
Aniket Biswal and Thirumurugan Krishnasamy
23.1 Introduction 22
23.2 Approach 1: Model-Based Collaborative Filtering 24
23.2.1 Implementation of Recommender System 25
23.3 Approach 2: Graph-Based Collaborative Filtering 30
23.3.1 Reasons for Choosing a Graph-Based Approach over Memory-Based 30
23.3.2 Implementation of the Recommendation System 31
23.4 Conclusion 35
References 36
24 Design and Construction of Unbiased Digital Dice 37
Debdatta Bhunia, D. Subbulekshmi, S. Angalaeswari, T. Deepa, Kulkarni Swanand Nishikant, Prashashya Patel and Sradha N.
24.1 Introduction 37
24.2 Description 39
24.3 Circuit Diagram and Components 40
24.4 Working Principle 42
24.5 Conclusion 43
Bibliography 43
25 Review on Utilizing E-Waste in Concrete 45
P. Krithiga, P. J. Subha Shree, B. Thihalya and B. Siva Prakash
25.1 Introduction 45
25.2 Methodology 47
25.3 Composition of E-Waste 48
25.4 Process of Export 50
25.5 Impact of E-Waste on Environment and Human Health 51
25.5.1 Environmental Impact 51
25.5.2 Impact on Human Health 51
25.6 Techniques - 4R Approach 53
25.6.1 Reduce 53
25.6.2 Reuse 54
25.6.3 Recycle 54
25.6.4 Restore 55
25.7 E-Waste in Concrete 55
25.8 Strength Analysis 55
25.8.1 Compressive Strength 55
25.8.2 Tensile Strength 56
25.8.3 Flexural Strength 56
25.8.4 Workability 57
25.8.5 Specific Gravity 57
25.8.6 Water Absorption 57
25.8.7 Modulus of Elasticity 58
25.9 Conclusion 58
References 59
26 Smart Trash Can 65
Vijayan Sumathi and M. Subashini
26.1 Introduction 65
26.2 Literature Survey 66
26.3 The Proposed System 66
26.4 Hardware Design 67
26.4.1 Microcontroller Board 68
26.4.2 Bluetooth Module (HC-05) 68
26.4.3 Transmitter Section 68
26.4.4 Receiver Section 68
26.5 Design and Implementation of Software 69
26.6 Results 70
26.6.1 Arduino 71
26.6.2 Python 71
26.6.3 My SQL 72
26.6.4 Web Page 72
26.7 Conclusion 72
References 73
27 Voltage Fluctuation Control Analysis of Induction Motor Drives in Textile Mill Using Phasor Measurement Unit 75
M. Naveen Babu and P.K. Dhal
27.1 Introduction 75
27.2 Existing System 78
27.3 Proposed System 78
27.4 Experimental Analysis 80
27.5 Experimental Results 82
27.6 Conclusion 83
Appendix 83
References 84
28 Smart Cities and Buildings 87
S. M. Subash, R. Dhanasekaran and B. Santhosh Kumar
28.1 Introduction 88
28.2 Components of Smart City 88
28.2.1 Public Transport 88
28.2.2 Road Traffic Management 88
28.2.3 Building - Safety & Security 90
28.2.4 Energy and Water Management 91
28.2.5 Waste Management 91
28.3 Conclusion 92
References 92
29 Minimizing the Roundness Variation in Automobile Brake Drum by Using Taguchi Technique 95
R. Manivasagam and S.P. Richard
29.1 Introduction 95
29.1.1 Roundness 96
29.2 Methodology with Taguchi Technique for Minimum Roundness of Varies 96
29.2.1 Measurement of Out-of-Roundness 96
29.2.2 Orthogonal Arrays 97
29.2.3 Pareto ANOVA 97
29.3 Experimental Conditions 97
29.4 Control Factors and Levels 99
29.5 Selection of Array Size 99
29.6 Experimental Conditions and Calculations of S/N Ratio 100
29.7 Pareto Diagram for Out-of-Roundness 101
29.8 Response Table of Process Parameter 102
29.9 Conclusion 102
References 103
30 Analysis of Developments on Mechanical Properties on Aluminum Alloys: A Review 105
Yogesh Dubey, Pankaj Sharma and M. P. Singh
30.1 Introduction 105
30.2 Literature Review 106
30.3 Conclusion 112
References 113
31 Study of Electromagnetic Field in Induction Motor Using Ansys Maxwell 115
Gajendra Yadav N. and Jyoti Koujalagi
31.1 Introduction 115
31.2 Mathematical Modeling 116
31.3 Methodology 118
31.4 Simulation Result 119
31.4.1 Magneto Dynamic Analysis 119
31.4.2 Magneto Static Analysis 121
31.5 Limitations 124
31.6 Future Scope 124
31.7 Conclusion 124
References 124
32 A New Method of Sensor-Less Speed Vector Control of Asynchronous Motor Drive in Model-Reference Adaptive System 127
S. Venkatesh Kumar, C. Kathirvel and P. Sebastian Vindro Jude
32.1 Introduction 127
32.2 Adaptive Control with Reference Model System (Stationary Frame) 130
32.3 Modelling of Asynchronous Motor Drive in Stationary Reference Frame 131
32.4 Simulation Diagram 134
32.5 Simulation Results 135
32.5.1 Speed Loop with Step Disturbance isq* 136
32.5.2 Step Response Signal 136
32.5.3 Speed Reversal in Step Signal 136
32.5.4 Ramp Response 136
32.6 Conclusion 140
References 141
33 LabVIEW-Based Speed-Sensorless Field-Oriented Control of Induction Motor Drive 143
R. Gunabalan and R. Sridhar
33.1 Introduction 143
33.2 Induction Motor Model 145
33.3 Natural Observer 147
33.4 Simulation Results 149
33.5 Experimental Results and Discussions 151
33.6 Conclusions 155
References 155
34 IoT-Based Automatic Entry Check in COVID-19 Pandemic 159
Alla Parimala Chowdary, Tummala Vineel Chowdary, G. Suganya, S. Bharathiraja and R. Kumar
34.1 Introduction 159
34.1.1 Background 160
34.2 Related Works 160
34.3 Objectives 162
34.4 Proposed Model 162
34.5 Implementation 164
34.5.1 Platforms Used 164
34.5.1.1 TinkerCAD 164
34.5.1.2 ThingSpeak 165
34.5.1.3 Python 165
34.5.2 Implementation 165
34.5.2.1 Temperature Sensing Module 165
34.5.2.2 Hand Sanitizing Module 165
34.5.2.3 Social Distance Checking Module 166
34.5.2.4 Mask Detection Module 168
34.6 Results and Discussion 169
34.7 Conclusion and Future Work 172
References 172
35 Smart Power Strip for Household Power Outlet Control and Energy Conservation Using IoT 175
C. Komathi, Arun A., M. G. Umamaheswari, S. Durgadevi and K. Thirupura Sundari
35.1 Introduction 176
35.2 Methodology 178
35.2.1 Functional Block Diagram with Hardware and Software Specifications 178
35.2.2 Working of the Proposed Smart Power Strip 179
35.2.3 Algorithm 181
35.3 Results and Discussion 182
35.4 Conclusion 185
References 186
36 Review of Solar Luminescence-Based OFID for Internet of Things Application 187
Chanthini Baskar, Shoba S., Manikandan E. and Papanasam E.
36.1 Introduction 187
36.2 OWC for IoT 189
36.2.1 Importance of Solar Cell 189
36.3 Optical Frequency Identification (OFID) 191
36.3.1 Modulation Techniques for OFID 192
36.3.1.1 Photoluminescence 192
36.3.1.2 Double Modulation 193
36.3.1.3 DC-DC Boost Converter Modulator 194
36.4 Prototype and Setup 195
36.5 Conclusion 195
References 195
37 IoT-Based Substation Monitoring and Controlling 199
Arunima Verma, Divyank Srivastava, Nisha Mishra, Navdha Sachdeva, Saurabh Kumar Jha and Shatrunjay Verma
37.1 Introduction 200
37.2 Block Diagram 200
37.2.1 Power Supply 200
37.2.2 Microcontroller 202
37.2.3 Wi-Fi Module 202
37.2.4 Voltage Sensor 202
37.2.5 Temperature Sensor 202
37.2.6 Current Sensor 203
37.2.7 Ultrasonic Sensor 203
37.2.8 Buzzer 203
37.2.9 16*2 LCD Display 204
37.2.10 Relay Module 204
37.2.11 GSM Module 204
37.2.12 Potential Transformer 205
37.3 Connection and Working 205
37.4 Result and Discussion 206
37.4.1 Result of Voltage Sensor 207
37.4.2 Result of Ultrasonic Sensor 211
37.4.3 Result of Current Sensor 214
37.4.4 Result of Temperature Sensor 217
37.5 Result of GSM Module 221
37.6 Conclusion 222
References 222
38 Agricultural Advancement Using IoT 225
Maithili P., Mohit Kumar R., Nikil Venkatesh K. and Kavitha R.
38.1 Introduction 226
38.2 Proposed System 226
38.3 Sensor System 228
38.3.1 Soil Moisture Sensor 228
38.3.2 Humidity Sensor 228
38.3.3 PIR Sensor 229
38.3.4 LCD 229
38.3.5 Speaker 230
38.3.6 Relay 231
38.3.7 GSM 231
38.3.8 Rain Sensor 232
38.4 Methodology 233
38.4.1 Flow Chart & Algorithm 233
38.5 Hardware of the Proposed System 234
38.6 Results and Discussion 234
38.7 Conclusion 235
References 236
39 Smart Microgrid in Hospital Community to Enhance Public Health 239
P. Renugadevi and R. Maheswari
39.1 Introduction 240
39.2 Hospital Struggling in Poor Backup Generation 240
39.3 Microgrid - The Future of Smart Grid and Reduce Power Shedding in Hospitals 241
39.3.1 Microgrid - Meaning 242
39.3.2 Basic Components in Microgrid 242
39.3.2.1 Storage Devices: Fast Response Devices 242
39.3.2.2 Energy Management Systems (EMS) 243
39.3.3 Distributed Energy Resources 243
39.3.4 Microgrid Operation 244
39.3.4.1 Grid Connected Mode 244
39.3.4.2 Islanded Mode 244
39.4 Necessity of Microgrid in Hospital Network 244
39.5 Smart Grid-Digital Technology in Electric Grid 244
39.5.1 Elements of Smart Grid 245
39.5.1.1 Smart Power Meter 245
39.5.1.2 Smart Generation 245
39.5.1.3 Smart Consumption 245
39.6 Big Data Analytics Reduces the Challenges in Microgrid 246
39.7 Case Study: Hospitals Poor Backup System Failures Causing Deaths in Recent Years 247
39.8 Conclusion 247
References 248
40 IoT-Based Smart Waste Management System 253
A.R. Kalaiarasi, T. Deepa, S. Angalaeswari and D. Subbulekshmi
40.1 Introduction 253
40.2 Design of Smart Dustbins 254
40.3 Hardware Components 256
40.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 256
40.3.2 Ardunio Uno 256
40.3.3 Motor Driver L293D 257
40.3.4 IR Sensor 257
40.4 Working 258
40.4.1 Module 1: Garbage Level Monitoring 258
40.4.2 Module 2: Motion of Dustbin Towards the Container Line 258
40.5 Results and Discussion 260
40.6 Conclusion 261
References 261
41 Case Study: Smart City Prospects for Economic Growth and Policies for Land Use 263
Divyansh Singh, Milind Shrinivas Dangate and Nasrin I. Shaikh
41.1 Introduction 264
41.1.1 Methods: Study Areas 265
41.2 Data 267
41.3 Analysis 269
41.4 Results: Combined Model 271
41.4.1 Regional Models 271
41.4.2 Discussion: Regional-Level Policy 275
41.4.3 Public Land and Zoning 276
41.5 Conclusions 279
References 281
42 Case Study: International Policy Effectiveness and Conservation Way Towards Smart Cities 283
Varun Gopalakrishnan, Dhakshain Balaji V., Nasrin I. Shaikh and Milind Shrinivas Dangate
42.1 Policy Effectiveness in Conservation 284
42.2 Case Studies of Land Use Policy Effectiveness 289
42.3 Scenarios 294
42.3.1 Scenario 1: Greenish Growth (Increased Affluence, High Environmental Concern) 294
42.3.2 Scenario 2: Maximum Sprawl (Increased Affluence, Low Environmental Concern) 295
42.3.3 Scenario 3: Smart De-Growth (Decreased Affluence, High Environmental Concern) 296
42.3.4 Scenario 4: Stagnation (Decreased Affluence, Low Environmental Concern) 298
42.4 Scenario Interpretation 299
42.5 The Policy Processes 300
42.6 Conclusions 303
42.7 Epilogue 304
References 306
43 CNTFET-Based Gas Sensor with a Novel and Safe Testing Chamber Design 311
Anjanashree M. R., Tarusri Raja and Reena Monica P.
43.1 Introduction 312
43.2 Novel Gas Chamber Design 314
43.3 CNTFET-Based Gas Sensor 317
43.4 Conclusion 321
Acknowledgment 321
References 322
About the Editors 323
Index 327
