Foundations of College Chemistry, 16th edition presents chemistry as a modern, vital subject and is designed to make introductory chemistry accessible to all beginning students. It is intended for students who have never taken a chemistry course or those who had a significant interruption in their studies but plan to continue with the general chemistry sequence. The central focus is to make chemistry interesting and understandable and teach students the problem-solving skills they will need.
This International Adaptation offers new and updated content with improved presentation of all course material. It builds on the strengths of previous editions, including clear explanations and step-by-step problem solving. The material emphasizes real-world applications of chemistry as the authors develop the principles that form the foundation for the further study of chemistry. There is new and expanded coverage of polarizing power and polarizability - Fajans' rules, collision number and mean free path, abnormal molecular masses and van't Hoff factor, and applications of radioactivity.
Table of Contents
1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1
1.1 The Nature of Chemistry 1
1.2 A Scientific Approach to Problem Solving 3
Chemistry in Action: Egyptians, the First Medicinal Chemists 4
1.3 The Particulate Nature of Matter 5
1.4 Classifying Matter 7
2 Standards for Measurement 15
2.1 Scientific Notation 15
2.2 Measurement and Uncertainty 17
2.3 Significant Figures 18
2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations 20
2.5 The Metric System 23
Chemistry in Action: Keeping Track of Units 27
2.6 Dimensional Analysis: A Problem-Solving Method 29
2.7 Percent 32
2.8 Measurement of Temperature 35
2.9 Density 37
Case Study: A Googol of Atoms 41
3 Elements and Compounds 51
3.1 Elements 51
Chemistry in Action: Naming Elements 56
3.2 Introduction to the Periodic Table 56
Chemistry in Action: Smartphone Elements 59
3.3 Compounds and Formulas 60
4 Properties of Matter 71
4.1 Properties of Substances 71
Chemistry in Action: Making Money 73
4.2 Physical and Chemical Changes 74
4.3 Learning to Solve Problems 77
4.4 Energy 77
4.5 Heat: Quantitative Measurement 79
4.6 Energy in the Real World 81
Chemistry in Action: Popping Popcorn 82
Case Study: A Cool Glass of Water: A Mystery 83
5 Early Atomic Theory and Structure 91
5.1 Dalton's Model of the Atom 91
5.2 Electric Charge 92
5.3 Subatomic Parts of the Atom 94
5.4 The Nuclear Atom 96
5.5 Isotopes of the Elements 98
Chemistry in Action: Isotope Detectives 100
5.6 Atomic Mass 100
Case Study: Thinking Inside the Box 102
6 Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table 109
6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 109
Chemistry in Action: You Light Up My Life 111
6.2 The Bohr Atom 111
6.3 Energy Levels of Electrons 113
Chemistry in Action: Atomic Clocks 115
6.4 Atomic Structures of the First 18 Elements 116
6.5 Electron Structures and the Periodic Table 119
Chemistry in Action: Collecting the Elements 120
7 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms 131
7.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 131
7.2 The Ionic Bond: Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another 134
7.3 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds 140
7.4 The Covalent Bond: Sharing Electrons 141
7.5 Electronegativity 143
Chemistry in Action: Trans-forming Fats 145
7.6 Polarizing Power and Polarizability--Fajans' Rules 146
7.7 Lewis Structures of Compounds 147
Chemistry in Action: Strong Enough to Stop a Bullet? 151
7.8 Complex Lewis Structures 151
7.9 Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 153
7.10 Molecular Shape 153
Case Study: An Analysis of Martian Molecules 157
8 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds 167
8.1 Common and Systematic Names 167
8.2 Elements and Ions 168
Chemistry in Action: What's in a Name? 170
8.3 Writing Formulas from Names of Ionic Compounds 172
8.4 Naming Binary Compounds 174
8.5 Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 179
8.6 Acids 180
9 Quantitative Composition of Compounds 191
9.1 The Mole Concept 191
9.2 Molar Mass of Compounds 196
9.3 Percent Composition of Compounds 199
Chemistry in Action: Feeling the Molecular Heat? 202
9.4 Calculating Empirical Formulas 202
9.5 Calculating the Molecular Formula from the Empirical Formula 205
Case Study: Avogadro Goes to Court 207
10 Chemical Equations 217
10.1 The Chemical Equation 217
10.2 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 219
10.3 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 224
10.4 Types of Chemical Equations 225
Chemistry in Action: CO Poisoning--A Silent Killer 226
10.5 Heat in Chemical Reactions 231
10.6 Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect 235
11 Calculations from Chemical Equations 245
11.1 Introduction to Stoichiometry 245
11.2 Mole--Mole Calculations 248
11.3 Mole--Mass Calculations 250
11.4 Mass--Mass Calculations 252
Chemistry in Action: A Shrinking Technology 254
11.5 Limiting Reactant and Yield Calculations 254
12 The Gaseous State of Matter 269
12.1 Properties of Gases 269
Chemistry in Action: What the Nose Knows 273
12.2 Boyle's Law 274
12.3 Charles' Law 277
12.4 Avogadro's Law 280
12.5 Combined Gas Laws 282
12.6 Ideal Gas Law 285
12.7 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 289
Chemistry in Action: Air Quality 291
12.8 Density of Gases 291
12.9 Gas Stoichiometry 292
Case Study: Deflategate: A Real Application of the Ideal Gas Law 296
13 Liquids 307
13.1 States of Matter: A Review 307
13.2 Properties of Liquids 308
13.3 Boiling Point and Melting Point 311
Chemistry in Action: Chemical Eye Candy 313
13.4 Changes of State 313
13.5 Intermolecular Forces 315
Chemistry in Action: How Sweet It Is! 318
13.6 Water, a Unique Liquid 320
Chemistry in Action: Reverse Osmosis? 322
Case Study: Cooking Under Pressure 323
14 Solutions 333
14.1 General Properties of Solutions 333
14.2 Solubility 335
14.3 Rate of Dissolving Solids 339
14.4 Concentration of Solutions 341
14.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions 349
Chemistry in Action: The Scoop on Ice Cream 354
14.6 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 354
Case Study: Water Can Kill? Exploring the Effects of Osmosis 356
15 Acids, Bases, and Salts 367
15.1 Acids and Bases 367
Chemistry in Action: Drug Delivery: An Acid--Base Problem 371
15.2 Salts 372
Chemistry in Action: A Cool Fizz 373
15.3 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 373
15.4 Introduction to pH 378
15.5 Neutralization 381
15.6 Writing Net Ionic Equations 383
Chemistry in Action: Ocean Corals Threatened by Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Levels 385
16 Chemical Equilibrium 393
16.1 Rates of Reaction 393
16.2 Chemical Equilibrium 394
16.3 Le Châtelier's Principle 396
Chemistry in Action: New Ways in Fighting Cavities and Avoiding the Drill 403
16.4 Equilibrium Constants 403
16.5 Ion Product Constant for Water 405
16.6 Ionization Constants 407
16.7 Solubility Product Constant 409
16.8 Buffer Solutions: The Control of pH 412
Chemistry in Action: Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood 414
Case Study: Acids, pH, and Buffers 415
17 Oxidation--Reduction 425
17.1 Oxidation Number 425
17.2 Balancing Oxidation--Reduction Equations 430
17.3 Balancing Ionic Redox Equations 434
17.4 Activity Series of Metals 437
17.5 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells 439
Case Study: Breaking Bad: Real or Hollywood Science? 443
18 Nuclear Chemistry 453
18.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 453
18.2 Alpha Particles, Beta Particles, and Gamma Rays 456
18.3 Radioactive Disintegration Series 460
18.4 Measurement of Radioactivity 462
18.5 Nuclear Energy 463
18.6 Mass--Energy Relationship in Nuclear Reactions 467
18.7 Applications of Radioactivity 468
18.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 470
Chemistry in Action: A Window into Living Organisms 471
Case Study: The Benign Hamburger 472
19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 479
19.1 The Beginnings of Organic Chemistry 479
19.2 Why Carbon? 480
19.3 Alkanes 482
19.4 Alkenes and Alkynes 490
19.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 494
19.6 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 498
19.7 Alcohols 500
19.8 Ethers 504
19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones 506
19.10 Carboxylic Acids 508
19.11 Esters 510
Chemistry in Action: Getting Clothes CO2 Clean! 511
19.12 Polymers--Macromolecules 512
Case Study: Dust to Dust 514
20 Introduction to Biochemistry 527
20.1 Chemistry in Living Organisms 527
20.2 Carbohydrates 528
20.3 Lipids 533
20.4 Amino Acids and Proteins 537
Chemistry in Action: The Taste of Umami 541
20.5 Enzymes 542
20.6 Nucleic Acids, DNA, and Genetics 544
Case Study: A Light Lunch? 550
Appendix 1 Mathematical Review 557
Appendix 2 Units of Measurement 567
Appendix 3 Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures 569
Appendix 4 Solubility Table 571
Appendix 5 Answers to Selected Exercises 573
Glossary 589
Index 597
