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Foundations of College Chemistry, International Adaptation. Edition No. 16

  • Book

  • 624 Pages
  • May 2023
  • Region: Global
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5842262

Foundations of College Chemistry, 16th edition presents chemistry as a modern, vital subject and is designed to make introductory chemistry accessible to all beginning students. It is intended for students who have never taken a chemistry course or those who had a significant interruption in their studies but plan to continue with the general chemistry sequence. The central focus is to make chemistry interesting and understandable and teach students the problem-solving skills they will need.

This International Adaptation offers new and updated content with improved presentation of all course material. It builds on the strengths of previous editions, including clear explanations and step-by-step problem solving. The material emphasizes real-world applications of chemistry as the authors develop the principles that form the foundation for the further study of chemistry. There is new and expanded coverage of polarizing power and polarizability - Fajans' rules, collision number and mean free path, abnormal molecular masses and van't Hoff factor, and applications of radioactivity.

Table of Contents

1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1

1.1 The Nature of Chemistry 1

1.2 A Scientific Approach to Problem Solving 3

Chemistry in Action: Egyptians, the First Medicinal Chemists 4

1.3 The Particulate Nature of Matter 5

1.4 Classifying Matter 7

2 Standards for Measurement 15

2.1 Scientific Notation 15

2.2 Measurement and Uncertainty 17

2.3 Significant Figures 18

2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations 20

2.5 The Metric System 23

Chemistry in Action: Keeping Track of Units 27

2.6 Dimensional Analysis: A Problem-Solving Method 29

2.7 Percent 32

2.8 Measurement of Temperature 35

2.9 Density 37

Case Study: A Googol of Atoms 41

3 Elements and Compounds 51

3.1 Elements 51

Chemistry in Action: Naming Elements 56

3.2 Introduction to the Periodic Table 56

Chemistry in Action: Smartphone Elements 59

3.3 Compounds and Formulas 60

4 Properties of Matter 71

4.1 Properties of Substances 71

Chemistry in Action: Making Money 73

4.2 Physical and Chemical Changes 74

4.3 Learning to Solve Problems 77

4.4 Energy 77

4.5 Heat: Quantitative Measurement 79

4.6 Energy in the Real World 81

Chemistry in Action: Popping Popcorn 82

Case Study: A Cool Glass of Water: A Mystery 83

5 Early Atomic Theory and Structure 91

5.1 Dalton's Model of the Atom 91

5.2 Electric Charge 92

5.3 Subatomic Parts of the Atom 94

5.4 The Nuclear Atom 96

5.5 Isotopes of the Elements 98

Chemistry in Action: Isotope Detectives 100

5.6 Atomic Mass 100

Case Study: Thinking Inside the Box 102

6 Modern Atomic Theory and the Periodic Table 109

6.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 109

Chemistry in Action: You Light Up My Life 111

6.2 The Bohr Atom 111

6.3 Energy Levels of Electrons 113

Chemistry in Action: Atomic Clocks 115

6.4 Atomic Structures of the First 18 Elements 116

6.5 Electron Structures and the Periodic Table 119

Chemistry in Action: Collecting the Elements 120

7 Chemical Bonds: The Formation of Compounds from Atoms 131

7.1 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 131

7.2 The Ionic Bond: Transfer of Electrons from One Atom to Another 134

7.3 Predicting Formulas of Ionic Compounds 140

7.4 The Covalent Bond: Sharing Electrons 141

7.5 Electronegativity 143

Chemistry in Action: Trans-forming Fats 145

7.6 Polarizing Power and Polarizability--Fajans' Rules 146

7.7 Lewis Structures of Compounds 147

Chemistry in Action: Strong Enough to Stop a Bullet? 151

7.8 Complex Lewis Structures 151

7.9 Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 153

7.10 Molecular Shape 153

Case Study: An Analysis of Martian Molecules 157

8 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds 167

8.1 Common and Systematic Names 167

8.2 Elements and Ions 168

Chemistry in Action: What's in a Name? 170

8.3 Writing Formulas from Names of Ionic Compounds 172

8.4 Naming Binary Compounds 174

8.5 Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 179

8.6 Acids 180

9 Quantitative Composition of Compounds 191

9.1 The Mole Concept 191

9.2 Molar Mass of Compounds 196

9.3 Percent Composition of Compounds 199

Chemistry in Action: Feeling the Molecular Heat? 202

9.4 Calculating Empirical Formulas 202

9.5 Calculating the Molecular Formula from the Empirical Formula 205

Case Study: Avogadro Goes to Court 207

10 Chemical Equations 217

10.1 The Chemical Equation 217

10.2 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations 219

10.3 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? 224

10.4 Types of Chemical Equations 225

Chemistry in Action: CO Poisoning--A Silent Killer 226

10.5 Heat in Chemical Reactions 231

10.6 Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect 235

11 Calculations from Chemical Equations 245

11.1 Introduction to Stoichiometry 245

11.2 Mole--Mole Calculations 248

11.3 Mole--Mass Calculations 250

11.4 Mass--Mass Calculations 252

Chemistry in Action: A Shrinking Technology 254

11.5 Limiting Reactant and Yield Calculations 254

12 The Gaseous State of Matter 269

12.1 Properties of Gases 269

Chemistry in Action: What the Nose Knows 273

12.2 Boyle's Law 274

12.3 Charles' Law 277

12.4 Avogadro's Law 280

12.5 Combined Gas Laws 282

12.6 Ideal Gas Law 285

12.7 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 289

Chemistry in Action: Air Quality 291

12.8 Density of Gases 291

12.9 Gas Stoichiometry 292

Case Study: Deflategate: A Real Application of the Ideal Gas Law 296

13 Liquids 307

13.1 States of Matter: A Review 307

13.2 Properties of Liquids 308

13.3 Boiling Point and Melting Point 311

Chemistry in Action: Chemical Eye Candy 313

13.4 Changes of State 313

13.5 Intermolecular Forces 315

Chemistry in Action: How Sweet It Is! 318

13.6 Water, a Unique Liquid 320

Chemistry in Action: Reverse Osmosis? 322

Case Study: Cooking Under Pressure 323

14 Solutions 333

14.1 General Properties of Solutions 333

14.2 Solubility 335

14.3 Rate of Dissolving Solids 339

14.4 Concentration of Solutions 341

14.5 Colligative Properties of Solutions 349

Chemistry in Action: The Scoop on Ice Cream 354

14.6 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 354

Case Study: Water Can Kill? Exploring the Effects of Osmosis 356

15 Acids, Bases, and Salts 367

15.1 Acids and Bases 367

Chemistry in Action: Drug Delivery: An Acid--Base Problem 371

15.2 Salts 372

Chemistry in Action: A Cool Fizz 373

15.3 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 373

15.4 Introduction to pH 378

15.5 Neutralization 381

15.6 Writing Net Ionic Equations 383

Chemistry in Action: Ocean Corals Threatened by Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Levels 385

16 Chemical Equilibrium 393

16.1 Rates of Reaction 393

16.2 Chemical Equilibrium 394

16.3 Le Châtelier's Principle 396

Chemistry in Action: New Ways in Fighting Cavities and Avoiding the Drill 403

16.4 Equilibrium Constants 403

16.5 Ion Product Constant for Water 405

16.6 Ionization Constants 407

16.7 Solubility Product Constant 409

16.8 Buffer Solutions: The Control of pH 412

Chemistry in Action: Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood 414

Case Study: Acids, pH, and Buffers 415

17 Oxidation--Reduction 425

17.1 Oxidation Number 425

17.2 Balancing Oxidation--Reduction Equations 430

17.3 Balancing Ionic Redox Equations 434

17.4 Activity Series of Metals 437

17.5 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells 439

Case Study: Breaking Bad: Real or Hollywood Science? 443

18 Nuclear Chemistry 453

18.1 Discovery of Radioactivity 453

18.2 Alpha Particles, Beta Particles, and Gamma Rays 456

18.3 Radioactive Disintegration Series 460

18.4 Measurement of Radioactivity 462

18.5 Nuclear Energy 463

18.6 Mass--Energy Relationship in Nuclear Reactions 467

18.7 Applications of Radioactivity 468

18.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 470

Chemistry in Action: A Window into Living Organisms 471

Case Study: The Benign Hamburger 472

19 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 479

19.1 The Beginnings of Organic Chemistry 479

19.2 Why Carbon? 480

19.3 Alkanes 482

19.4 Alkenes and Alkynes 490

19.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 494

19.6 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 498

19.7 Alcohols 500

19.8 Ethers 504

19.9 Aldehydes and Ketones 506

19.10 Carboxylic Acids 508

19.11 Esters 510

Chemistry in Action: Getting Clothes CO2 Clean! 511

19.12 Polymers--Macromolecules 512

Case Study: Dust to Dust 514

20 Introduction to Biochemistry 527

20.1 Chemistry in Living Organisms 527

20.2 Carbohydrates 528

20.3 Lipids 533

20.4 Amino Acids and Proteins 537

Chemistry in Action: The Taste of Umami 541

20.5 Enzymes 542

20.6 Nucleic Acids, DNA, and Genetics 544

Case Study: A Light Lunch? 550

Appendix 1 Mathematical Review 557

Appendix 2 Units of Measurement 567

Appendix 3 Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures 569

Appendix 4 Solubility Table 571

Appendix 5 Answers to Selected Exercises 573

Glossary 589

Index 597

Authors

Morris Hein Mount San Antonio College. Susan Arena University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Cary Willard Grossmont College.