The combination of the continuously increasing food packaging waste with the non-biodegradable nature of the plastic materials that have a big slice of the packaging market makes it necessary to move towards sustainable packaging for the benefit of the environment and human health. Sustainable packaging is the type of packaging that can provide to food the necessary protection conditions, but at the same type is biodegradable and can be disposed as organic waste to the landfills in order to biodegrade through a natural procedure. In this way, sustainable packaging becomes part of the circular economy.
?Sustainable Food Packaging Technology? deals with packaging solutions that use engineered biopolymers or biocomposites that have suitable physicochemical properties for food contact and protection and originate both from renewable or non-renewable resources, but in both cases are compostable or edible. Modified paper and cardboard with increased protective properties towards food while keeping their compostability are presented as well. The book also covers natural components that can make the packaging functional, e.g., by providing active protection to the food indicating food spoilage.
Addresses urgent problems: food packaging creates a lot of hard-to-recycle waste - this book puts forward more sustainable solutions using biodegradable materials
State-of-the-art: ?Sustainable Food Packaging Technology? provides knowledge on new developments in functional packaging
From lab to large-scale applications: expert authors report on the technology aspects of sustainable packaging
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Part I Review on Biopolymers for Food Protection 1
1 Emerging Trends in Biopolymers for Food Packaging 3
Sergio Torres-Giner, Kelly J. Figueroa-Lopez, Beatriz Melendez-Rodriguez, Cristina Prieto, Maria Pardo-Figuerez, and Jose M. Lagaron
1.1 Introduction to Polymers in Packaging 3
1.2 Classification of Biopolymers 4
1.3 Food Packaging Materials Based on Biopolymers 7
1.3.1 Polylactide 7
1.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 8
1.3.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) 9
1.3.4 Polybutylene Succinate 10
1.3.5 Bio-based Polyethylene 11
1.3.6 Bio-based Polyethylene Terephthalate 13
1.3.7 Poly(ethylene furanoate) 14
1.3.8 Poly(ε-caprolactone) 15
1.3.9 Thermoplastic Starch 15
1.3.10 Cellulose and Derivatives 17
1.3.11 Proteins 17
1.3.11.1 Gelatin 18
1.3.11.2 Wheat Gluten 18
1.3.11.3 Soy Protein 20
1.3.11.4 Corn Zein 20
1.3.11.5 Milk Proteins 21
1.4 Concluding Remarks 21
References 24
2 Biopolymers Derived from Marine Sources for Food Packaging Applications 35
Jone Uranga, Iratxe Zarandona, Mireia Andonegi, Pedro Guerrero, and Koro de la Caba
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Fish Gelatin Films and Coating 37
2.2.1 Collagen and Gelatin Extraction 37
2.2.2 Preparation and Characterization of Fish Gelatin Films and Coatings 39
2.2.3 Food Shelf Life Extension Using Fish Gelatin Films and Coatings 40
2.3 Chitosan Films and Coatings 42
2.3.1 Chitin and Chitosan Extraction 42
2.3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Films and Coatings 43
2.3.3 Food Shelf Life Extension Using Chitosan Films and Coatings 44
2.4 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks 46
References 46
3 Edible Biopolymers for Food Preservation 57
Elisabetta Ruggeri, Silvia Farè, Luigi De Nardo, and Benedetto Marelli
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Polysaccharides 61
3.2.1 Alginate 63
3.2.2 Carrageenans 63
3.2.3 Cellulose 67
3.2.4 Chitosan 69
3.2.5 Pectin 70
3.2.6 Pullulan 71
3.2.7 Starch 71
3.3 Proteins 72
3.3.1 Casein 73
3.3.2 Collagen 74
3.3.3 Gelatin 74
3.3.4 Wheat Gluten 75
3.3.5 Whey Protein 75
3.3.6 Silk Fibroin 76
3.3.7 Zein 77
3.4 Lipids 78
3.4.1 Beeswax 80
3.4.2 Candelilla Wax 80
3.4.3 Carnauba Wax 81
3.4.4 Shellac 81
3.5 Edible Composite Materials 82
3.6 Active Coatings 85
3.6.1 Antimicrobial Agents 85
3.6.2 Antioxidant Agents 85
3.7 Materials Selection and Application 86
3.8 Conclusions 87
References 88
Part II Food Packaging Based on Individual Biopolymers and their Composites 107
4 Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Its Composites: An Eco-friendly Solution for Packaging 109
Swati Sharma
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Synthesis of PLA and Its Properties 110
4.3 Properties Required for Food Packaging 111
4.3.1 Barrier Properties 111
4.3.2 Optical Properties 113
4.3.3 Mechanical Properties 114
4.3.4 Thermal Properties 114
4.3.5 Antibacterial Properties 115
4.4 General Reinforcements for PLA 116
4.4.1 Natural Fibers 116
4.4.2 Synthetic Fibers 121
4.4.3 Functional Fillers 122
4.4.3.1 Clay/PLA Composites 122
4.4.3.2 Metal-oxide/PLA Composites 123
4.5 Biodegradability of PLA 123
4.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 124
References 124
5 Green and Sustainable Packaging Materials Using Thermoplastic Starch 133
Anshu A. Singh and Maria E. Genovese
5.1 Sustainability and Packaging: Toward a Greener Future 134
5.1.1 The Plastic Threat 134
5.1.2 The Call for Sustainability 135
5.1.3 Biomaterials for Sustainable Packaging 135
5.2 Thermoplastic Starch 137
5.2.1 Starch: Physicochemical Properties, Processing, Applications 137
5.2.2 From Starch to Thermoplastic Starch 141
5.2.3 Plasticizers of Starch 142
5.2.4 Processing of Thermoplastic Starch 143
5.3 Thermoplastic Starch-Based Materials in Packaging 145
5.3.1 Technical and Legal Requirements for Packaging Materials 145
5.3.2 Composites of TPS with Fillers 146
5.3.3 Composites of Thermoplastic Starch with Polysaccharides 147
5.3.4 Composites of Thermoplastic Starch with Polyesters 149
5.3.5 Composite of TPS Based on Chemical Modification 152
5.3.6 Commercial Packaging Materials Based on Thermoplastic Starch 152
5.4 Conclusions 153
References 155
6 Cutin-Inspired Polymers and Plant Cuticle-like Composites as Sustainable Food Packaging Materials 161
Susana Guzmán-Puyol, Antonio Heredia, José A. Heredia-Guerrero, and José J. Benítez
6.1 Introduction 161
6.1.1 Bioplastics as Realistic Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Plastics 161
6.1.2 The Plant Cuticle and Cutin: The Natural Food Packaging of the Plant Kingdom 166
6.1.3 A Comparison of Cutin with Commercial Plastics and Bioplastics 169
6.1.4 Tomato Pomace is the Main and Most Sustainable Cutin Renewable Resource 172
6.1.5 Toward a Sustainable Industrial Production of Cutin-Inspired ommodities 173
6.2 Synthesis of Cutin-Inspired Polyesters 173
6.2.1 The Influence of the Monomer Architecture in the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cutin-Inspired Polyhydroxyesters 173
6.2.2 The Effect of Oxidation in the Structure and Properties of Cutin-Inspired Fatty Polyhydroxyesters 177
6.2.3 Surface vs. Bulk Properties 180
6.3 Cutin-Based and Cutin-like Coatings and Composites 183
6.3.1 Cutin-Inspired Coatings on Metal Substrates 183
6.3.2 Plant Cuticle-like Film Composites 186
6.4 Concluding Remarks 188
Acknowledgments 189
References 189
7 Zein in Food Packaging 199
Ilker S. Bayer
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Solvent Cast Zein Films 202
7.3 Chemical Characteristics of Solvent-Cast Zein Films 206
7.4 Extrusion of Zein 209
7.5 Zein Laminates with Various Packaging Films 212
7.6 Zein Blend Films with Other Biopolymers 214
7.7 Outlook and Future Directions 217
7.8 Conclusions 219
References 220
Part III Biocomposites of Cellulose and Biopolymers in Food Packaging 225
8 Cellulose-Reinforced Biocomposites Based on PHB and PHBV for Food Packaging Applications 227
Estefania L. Sanchez-Safont, Luis Cabedo, and Jose Gamez-Perez
8.1 Introduction to Bioplastics 227
8.2 PHB and PHBV: a SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) Analysis 229
8.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) 229
8.2.2 PHB and PHBV: Strengths 231
8.2.3 PHB and PHBV: Weaknesses 232
8.2.4 PHB and PHBV: Opportunities 235
8.2.5 PHB and PHBV: Threats 236
8.3 Cellulose Biocomposites 236
8.3.1 Structure, Composition, and General Properties of Lignocellulosic fibers 237
8.3.2 Lignocellulosic Fibers in Polymer Composites 240
8.3.2.1 Fiber Modification 241
8.3.2.2 Fiber-matrix Chemical Anchor 242
8.4 PHA/Fiber Composites 242
8.4.1 PHB and PHBV/Cellulose Composites: Achievements and Limitations 242
8.4.2 New Trends in PHB and PHBV/Cellulose-Reinforced Biocomposites 245
8.4.3 The Potential Use of PHA-Based Composites in the Food Packaging Sector 247
8.5 Conclusions 248
References 250
9 Poly-Paper: Cellulosic-Filled Eco-composite Material with Innovative Properties for Packaging 263
Romina Santi, Silvia Farè, Alberto Cigada, and Barbara Del Curto
9.1 Introduction 263
9.2 Materials 265
9.2.1 Matrix 265
9.2.2 Reinforcement 266
9.2.3 Composite Formulations 266
9.2.4 Extrusion Process 267
9.3 Mechanical Properties 268
9.4 Suitable Processes for Poly-Paper 268
9.4.1 Injection Molding 269
9.4.2 Thermoforming 270
9.4.3 Poly-Paper Expansion 270
9.5 Additional Properties of Poly-Paper 272
9.5.1 Shape Memory Forming 272
9.5.2 Self-Healing by Water 273
9.6 End-of-Life 275
9.7 Conclusions 277
References 278
10 Paper and Cardboard Reinforcement by Impregnation with Environmentally Friendly High-Performance Polymers for Food Packaging Applications 281
Uttam C. Paul and José A. Heredia-Guerrero
10.1 Introduction 281
10.2 Improving the Barrier Properties of Paper and Cardboard by Impregnation in Capstone and ECA Solutions 282
10.2.1 Preparation of the Samples 283
10.2.2 Morphological Characterization 283
10.2.3 Chemical Characterization 285
10.2.4 Barrier Properties, Wettability, and Water Uptake 285
10.2.5 Mechanical Characterization 291
10.3 Water, Oil and Grease Resistance of Biocompatible Cellulose Food Containers 292
10.3.1 Preparation of the Samples 294
10.3.2 Morphological Analysis 295
10.3.3 Water and Oil Resistance Properties 296
10.3.4 Mechanical, Grease Resistance, and Barrier Properties of Treated Paper 296
10.4 Conclusions 300
References 300
11 Nanocellulose-Based Multidimensional Structures for Food Packaging Technology 305
Saumya Chaturvedi, Sadaf Afrin, Mohd S. Ansari, and Zoheb Karim
11.1 Introduction 305
11.2 Necessities in Food Packaging Industry 307
11.3 An Overview of NC 308
11.4 Cellulose Fibrils and Crystalline Cellulose 308
11.5 Why NC for Packaging? 310
11.6 Effect on NCs on Networking 310
11.7 Migration Process of Molecules Through NC Dimensional Film 312
11.8 Processing Routes of NC-based Multidimensional Structures for Packaging 312
11.9 CNFs for Barrier Application 314
11.10 CNCs for Barrier Application 315
11.11 Conclusion 316
References 317
Part IV Natural Principles in Active and Intelligent Food Packaging for Enhanced Protection and Indication of Food Spoilange or Pollutant Presence 323
12 Sustainable Antimicrobial Packaging Technologies 325
Selçuk Yildirim and Bettina Röcker
12.1 Introduction 325
12.2 Antimicrobial Food Packaging 326
12.3 Natural Antimicrobial Agents 328
12.3.1 Plant Extracts 328
12.3.2 Organic Acids, Their Salts and Anhydrides 335
12.3.3 Bacteriocins 336
12.3.4 Enzymes 337
12.3.5 Chitosan 338
12.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 340
References 341
13 Active Antioxidant Additives in Sustainable Food Packaging 349
Thi-Nga Tran
13.1 Introduction 349
13.2 Antioxidant Capacities of Plant-Based Food Packaging Materials 352
13.2.1 Antioxidant Natural Extracts in Food Packaging 353
13.2.2 Antioxidant Raw Materials Derived from Food Wastes and Agro-Industry by-Products 359
13.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 361
References 363
14 Natural and Biocompatible Optical Indicators for Food Spoilage Detection 369
Maria E. Genovese, Jasim Zia, and Despina Fragouli
14.1 Food Spoilage 370
14.1.1 Food Spoilage: A Never-ending Challenge 370
14.1.2 Microbial Spoilage 370
14.1.3 Physical and Chemical Spoilage 372
14.1.4 Factors Determining Food Spoilage 372
14.2 Food Spoilage Detection 372
14.2.1 Conventional Methods and Technologies for the Detection of Food Spoilage 372
14.2.2 On Package and on Site Sensing Technologies: A New Strategy for Food Spoilage Detection 373
14.3 Natural and Biocompatible Optical Indicators for Food Spoilage 379
14.3.1 Optical and Colorimetric Detection 379
14.3.2 Natural and Biocompatible Indicators 379
14.3.3 Detection of pH, Acids, and Amines 380
14.3.4 Detection of Oxygen 386
14.3.5 Detection of Carbon Dioxide 387
14.3.6 Detection of Bacteria 388
14.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 388
References 389
Part V Technological Developments in the Engineering of Biocomposite Materials for Food Packaging Applications 395
15 Biopolymers in Multilayer Films for Long-Lasting Protective Food Packaging: A Review 397
Ilker S. Bayer
15.1 Introduction 397
15.2 Biopolymer Coatings and Laminates on Common Oil-Derived Packaging Polymers 399
15.3 Multilayer Films Based on Proteins 405
15.4 Multilayer Films Based on Polysaccharides 409
15.5 Coatings on Biopolyesters 415
15.6 Summary and Outlook 418
References 420
Index 427
