Summarizes the analysis and design of today’s gas heat engine cycles
This book offers readers comprehensive coverage of heat engine cycles. From ideal (theoretical) cycles to practical cycles and real cycles, it gradually increases in degree of complexity so that newcomers can learn and advance at a logical pace, and so instructors can tailor their courses toward each class level. To facilitate the transition from one type of cycle to another, it offers readers additional material covering fundamental engineering science principles in mechanics, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and thermochemistry.
Fundamentals of Heat Engines: Reciprocating and Gas Turbine Internal-Combustion Engines begins with a review of some fundamental principles of engineering science, before covering a wide range of topics on thermochemistry. It next discusses theoretical aspects of the reciprocating piston engine, starting with simple air-standard cycles, followed by theoretical cycles of forced induction engines, and ending with more realistic cycles that can be used to predict engine performance as a first approximation. Lastly, the book looks at gas turbines and covers cycles with gradually increasing complexity to end with realistic engine design-point and off-design calculations methods.
- Covers two main heat engines in one single reference
- Teaches heat engine fundamentals as well as advanced topics
- Includes comprehensive thermodynamic and thermochemistry data
- Offers customizable content to suit beginner or advanced undergraduate courses and entry-level postgraduate studies in automotive, mechanical, and aerospace degrees
- Provides representative problems at the end of most chapters, along with a detailed example of piston-engine design-point calculations
- Features case studies of design-point calculations of gas turbine engines in two chapters
Fundamentals of Heat Engines can be adopted for mechanical, aerospace, and automotive engineering courses at different levels and will also benefit engineering professionals in those fields and beyond.
Table of Contents
Series Preface ix
Preface xi
Glossary xiii
About the Companion Website xvii
Part I Fundamentals of Engineering Science 1
Introduction I: Role of Engineering Science 2
1 Review of Basic Principles 4
1.1 Engineering Mechanics 4
1.2 Fluid Mechanics 11
1.3 Thermodynamics 19
Problems 39
2 Thermodynamics of Reactive Mixtures 45
2.1 Fuels 45
2.2 Stoichiometry 45
2.3 Chemical Reactions 47
2.4 Thermodynamic Properties of the Combustion Products 56
2.5 First Law Analysis of Reacting Mixtures 59
2.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 67
2.7 Entropy Change in Reacting Mixtures 73
2.8 Second Law Analysis of Reacting Mixtures 74
2.9 Chemical and Phase Equilibrium 75
2.10 Multi-Species Equilibrium Composition of Combustion Products 81
Problems 90
Part II Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 95
Introduction II: History and Classification of Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines 96
3 Ideal Cycles for Natural-Induction Reciprocating Engines 99
3.1 Generalised Cycle 99
3.2 Constant-Volume Cycle (Otto Cycle) 104
3.3 Constant Pressure (Diesel) Cycle 106
3.4 Dual Cycle (Pressure-Limited Cycle) 108
3.5 Cycle Comparison 114
Problems 116
4 Ideal Cycles for Forced-Induction Reciprocating Engines 119
4.1 Turbocharged Cycles 119
4.2 Supercharged Cycles 126
4.3 Forced Induction Cycles with Intercooling 129
4.4 Comparison of Boosted Cycles 138
Problems 140
5 Fuel-Air Cycles for Reciprocating Engines 143
5.1 Fuel-Air Cycle Assumptions 143
5.2 Compression Process 144
5.3 Combustion Process 145
5.4 Expansion Process 148
5.5 Mean Effective Pressure 148
5.6 Cycle Comparison 150
Problems 151
6 Practical Cycles for Reciprocating Engines 153
6.1 Four-Stroke Engine 153
6.2 Two-Stroke Engine 157
6.3 Practical Cycles for Four-Stroke Engines 160
6.4 Cycle Comparison 172
6.5 Cycles Based on Combustion Modelling (Wiebe Function) 173
6.6 Example of Wiebe Function Application 182
6.7 Double Wiebe Models 184
6.8 Computer-Aided Engine Simulation 186
Problems 188
7 Work-Transfer System in Reciprocating Engines 189
7.1 Kinematics of the Piston-Crank Mechanism 189
7.2 Dynamics of the Reciprocating Mechanism 193
7.3 Multi-Cylinder Engines 206
7.4 Engine Balancing 215
Problems 224
8 Reciprocating Engine Performance Characteristics 228
8.1 Indicator Diagrams 228
8.2 Indicated Parameters 231
8.3 Brake Parameters 233
8.4 Engine Design Point and Performance 235
8.5 Off-Design Performance 239
Problems 247
Part III Gas Turbine Internal Combustion Engines 251
Introduction III: History and Classification of Gas Turbines 252
9 Air-Standard Gas Turbine Cycles 254
9.1 Joule-Brayton Ideal Cycle 254
9.2 Cycle with Heat Exchange (Regeneration) 258
9.3 Cycle with Reheat 260
9.4 Cycle with Intercooling 263
9.5 Cycle with Heat Exchange and Reheat 265
9.6 Cycle with Heat Exchange and Intercooling 267
9.7 Cycle with Heat Exchange, Reheat, and Intercooling 268
9.8 Cycle Comparison 270
Problems 272
10 Irreversible Air-Standard Gas Turbine Cycles 274
10.1 Component Efficiencies 275
10.2 Simple Irreversible Cycle 280
10.3 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange (Regenerative Irreversible Cycle) 284
10.4 Irreversible Cycle with Reheat 287
10.5 Irreversible Cycle with Intercooling 288
10.6 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange and Reheat 290
10.7 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange and Intercooling 292
10.8 Irreversible Cycle with Heat Exchange, Reheat, and Intercooling 294
10.9 Comparison of Irreversible Cycles 295
Problems 297
11 Practical Gas Turbine Cycles 299
11.1 Simple Single-Shaft Gas Turbine 299
11.2 Thermodynamic Properties of Air 300
11.3 Compression Process in the Compressor 301
11.4 Combustion Process 302
11.5 Expansion Process in the Turbine 314
Problems 316
12 Design-Point Calculations of Aviation Gas Turbines 317
12.1 Properties of Air 317
12.2 Simple Turbojet Engine 322
12.3 Performance of Turbojet Engine - Case Study 328
12.4 Two-Spool Unmixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 337
12.5 Performance of Two-Spool Unmixed-Flow Turbofan Engine - Case Study 350
12.6 Two-Spool Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine 357
12.7 Performance of Two-Spool Mixed-Flow Turbofan Engine - Case Study 369
Problems 373
13 Design-Point Calculations of Industrial Gas Turbines 376
13.1 Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine 376
13.2 Performance of Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine - Case Study 379
13.3 Two-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine 387
13.4 Performance of Two-Shaft Gas Turbine Engine - Case Study 390
Problems 394
14 Work-Transfer System in Gas Turbines 398
14.1 Axial-Flow Compressors 398
14.2 Radial-Flow Compressors 404
14.3 Axial-Flow Turbines 407
14.4 Radial-Flow Turbines 422
Problems 427
15 Off-Design Performance of Gas Turbines 429
15.1 Component-Matching Method 429
15.2 Thermo-Gas-Dynamic Matching Method 446
Problems 464
Bibliography 466
Appendix A Thermodynamic Tables 469
Appendix B Dynamics of the Reciprocating Mechanism 485
Appendix C Design Point Calculations - Reciprocating Engines 492
C.1 Engine Processes 492
Appendix D Equations for the Thermal Efficiency and Specific Work of Theoretical Gas Turbine Cycles 497
Nomenclature 498
Index 499
