An of-the-moment treatment of liquid electrolytes used in lithium metal batteries
Considered by many as the most-promising next-generation batteries, lithium metal batteries have grown in popularity due to their low potential and high capacity. Crucial to the development of this technology, electrolytes can provide efficient electrode electrolyte interfaces, assuring the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy. The quality of electrode electrolyte interphase, in turn, directly governs the performance of batteries.
In Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry, provides a comprehensive look at the current understanding and status of research regarding liquid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Offering an introduction to lithium-based batteries from development history to their working mechanisms, the book further offers a glimpse at modification strategies of anode electrolyte interphases and cathode electrolytic interphases. More, by discussing the high-voltage electrolytes from their solvents - organic solvents and ionic liquids - to electrolyte additives, the text provides a thorough understanding on liquid electrolyte chemistry in the remit of lithium metal batteries.
Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries readers will also find: - A unique focus that reviews the development of liquid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries - State-of-the-art progress and development of electrolytes for lithium metal batteries - Consideration of safety, focusing the design principles of flame retardant and non-flammable electrolytes - Principles and progress on low temperature and high temperature electrolytes
Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries is a useful reference for electrochemists, solid state chemists, inorganic chemists, physical chemists, surface chemists, materials scientists, and the libraries that supply them.
Table of Contents
Preface ix
1 Lithium Metal Batteries 1
1.1 History 1
1.2 Types 2
1.2.1 Lithium-Oxygen Batteries 2
1.2.1.1 Working Mechanism of Li-O2 Batteries 2
1.2.1.2 Cathode Design of Li-O2 Batteries 4
1.2.1.3 Anode Protection of Li-O2 Batteries 8
1.2.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 11
1.2.2.1 Conductive Matrixes for S Cathode 12
1.2.2.2 Modifying Separators of Li-S Batteries 15
1.2.2.3 Electrolyte Design for Li-S Batteries 17
1.2.2.4 Anode Protection for Li-S Batteries 18
1.2.3 Lithium-Selenium or -Tellurium Batteries 22
1.2.3.1 Lithium-Selenium Batteries 22
1.2.3.2 Lithium-Tellurium Batteries 29
1.2.4 Lithium-Iodine/Bromine Batteries 31
1.2.4.1 Lithium-Iodine Batteries 31
1.2.4.2 Lithium-Bromine Battery 36
1.2.5 TMO Batteries 37
1.3 Introductive Electrolytes 41
1.4 Prospects 44
References 45
2 Electrode-Electrolyte Interphase 55
2.1 Introduction 55
2.2 Solid Electrolyte Interphase 55
2.2.1 Concept and Roles 55
2.2.2 Types and Modification Strategies 56
2.3 Cathode Electrolyte Interphase 66
2.3.1 Concept and Roles 66
2.3.2 Types and Modification Strategies 66
References 75
3 Safe Electrolytes 79
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 Flame-Retardant Mechanism 80
3.3 Flame-Retardant Electrolytes 80
3.4 Nonflammable Electrolytes 85
3.5 Prospects 93
References 95
4 High-Voltage Electrolytes 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 The General Implications of High-Voltage Electrochemical Operation 101
4.2.1 Electrochemical Stability and Voltage Window for Electrolytes 101
4.2.2 Parasitic Electrolyte Oxidation and Formation of CEI 102
4.2.3 Metal Ion Diffusion, Surface Structural Reconstruction, and Mechanical Fracture of Cathode Materials 106
4.2.4 Instability of Other Cell Components at High Voltage 109
4.3 The Electrolyte Engineering for Various High-Voltage Cathodes 111
4.3.1 Nickel-Containing Layered Oxides 111
4.3.2 LiCoO2 116
4.3.3 Layered Li-Rich Cathodes 120
4.3.4 Other Cathode Materials 121
4.4 Conclusions 127
References 127
5 Extreme Temperature Electrolytes 133
5.1 Low-Temperature Electrolytes 133
5.1.1 The Limitations of Battery Performance at Low Temperature 133
5.1.2 The Improvement of Electrolytes 137
5.2 High-Temperature Electrolytes 143
5.2.1 The Limitations of Battery Performance at High Temperature 144
5.2.2 The Improvement of Electrolytes 148
5.3 Prospective 151
References 152
6 High-Concentration Electrolytes 157
6.1 High-Concentration Electrolytes 157
6.1.1 Concept, Design Strategies 157
6.1.2 Developments 158
6.2 Local High-concentration Electrolytes 168
6.2.1 Concept, Design Strategies 169
6.2.2 Developments 169
6.3 Prospects 178
References 178
7 Theoretical Basis for Electrolyte and Electrode Study 183
7.1 Redox Potential 183
7.1.1 Theoretical Basis 183
7.1.2 Solvents and Salts 185
7.1.3 Redox Potential of the Complex 186
7.2 Solvation Structure 187
7.2.1 Basic Theory 187
7.2.2 Influencing Factors and Implicit Solvent Model 188
7.2.3 Solvation Analysis 189
7.2.4 De-Solvation 190
7.3 Lithium Diffusion 192
7.3.1 Lithium Diffusion in SEI 192
7.3.2 Lithium Diffusion in Electrode Material 194
7.3.2.1 Calculation of Electrode Materials 194
7.3.2.2 Equilibrium Voltage 194
7.3.2.3 Ionic Mobility 195
7.4 Conclusion 195
References 196
8 Outlook 199
Index 203
