A comprehensive resource to sustainability and its application to the environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security sectors
Sustainability fills a gap in the literature in order to provide an important guide to the fundamental knowledge and practical applications of sustainability in a wide variety of areas. The authors – noted experts who represent a number of sustainability fields – bring together in one comprehensive volume the broad range of topics including basic concepts, impact assessment, environmental and the socio-economic aspects of sustainability. In addition, the book covers applications of sustainability in environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security, as well as carbon cycle and infrastructural aspects.
Sustainability addresses the challenges the global community is facing due to population growth, depletion of non-renewable resources of energy, environmental degradation, poverty, excessive generation of wastes and more. Throughout the book the authors discuss the economics, ecological, social, technological and systems perspectives of sustainability. This important resource:
- Explores the fundamentals as well as the key concepts of sustainability;
- Covers basic concepts, impact assessment, environmental and socio-economic aspects, applications of sustainability in environmental, industrial, agricultural and food security, carbon cycle and infrastructural aspects;
- Argues the essentiality of sustainability in ensuring the propitious future of earth systems; and
- Authored by experts from a range of various fields related to sustainability.
Written for researchers and scientists, students and academics, Sustainability: Fundamentals and Applications is a comprehensive book that covers the basic knowledge of the topic combined with practical applications.
Table of Contents
Editor Biographies xxiii
List of Contributors xxvii
Preface xxxiii
Part I Fundamentals and Framework 1
1 Introduction to Sustainability and Sustainable Development 3
Prangya R. Rout, Akshaya K. Verma, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, R.D. Tyagi, S.K. Brar, and M.K. Goyal
1.1 Background and Definition 3
1.2 Basic Concepts and Issues 4
1.3 Evolution of Sustainability and Sustainable Development 7
1.4 Challenges and Solutions 8
1.5 Adaptation and Resilience 8
1.6 Economic, Ecological, Social, Technological and Systems Perspectives 13
1.7 Conclusions 16
References 17
2 The Need, Role and Significance of Sustainability 21
Anita Talan, A.N. Pathak, and R.D. Tyagi
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Three Pillars of Sustainability 21
2.3 Primary Goals of Sustainability 27
2.4 Significance of Sustainability 34
2.5 Challenges Toward Sustainability 35
2.6 Sustainable Future 39
2.7 Conclusions 39
References 40
3 Sustainable Development: Dimensions, Intersections and Knowledge Platform 43
Pritee Sharma and Kanak Singh
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Understanding Complex Systems 44
3.3 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Economic Dimension 47
3.4 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Environmental Dimension 53
3.5 Dimensions of Sustainable Development: Social Dimension 56
3.6 Mapping Social Development Through Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 58
3.7 Sustainable Development Indicators 60
3.8 Exploring Knowledge Systems for Sustainability 61
3.9 Conclusion 65
References 65
4 Measurement of Sustainability 69
Rajneesh Singh, Akash Kumar Gupta, Puspendu Bhunia, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Pengzhi Lin, and Yu Chen
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Types and Choice of Indicators 70
4.3 Framework of Lifecycle-Based Sustainability Metrics 72
4.4 Technological Aspects of Supply Chain and Process Sustainability 73
4.5 Sustainable Economy Indices 74
4.6 Environmental Indicator for Manufacturing Competitiveness 75
4.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Processes 77
4.8 Conclusion 79
References 79
5 Sustainable Impact Assessment 83
L.R. Kumar, Anita Talan and R.D. Tyagi
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Types of Impact Assessment (IA) 83
5.3 Sustainable Impact Assessment (SIA) 86
5.4 Advantages of Conducting Sustainable Impact Assessment 89
5.5 Recent Evolution of Impact Assessment 90
5.6 Different Approaches of SIA 91
5.7 Determining Criteria for Sustainability 93
5.8 Procedure to Follow Impact Assessment 94
5.9 ToSIA - Software Tool for Sustainable Impact Assessment 99
5.10 Case Studies for Use of Sustainable Impact Assessment 103
5.11 Conclusions 106
References 107
6 Analytical Tools and Methodologies to Evaluate Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations with Special Reference to Asia 111
Gamini Herath
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 112
6.3 Planning and Decision Making Methodologies for the Sustainable Development Goals 112
6.4 Tools to Tackle Interlinked Goals and Policy Incoherence 113
6.5 Carrying Capacity (CC) 116
6.6 Evalution Models Under Uncertainty 117
6.7 Adaptive Management 119
6.8 Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) 119
6.9 Multiattribute Utility Theory 121
6.10 Conclusions 124
References 124
7 Resilience Engineering and Quantification for Sustainable Systems 129
Anita Talan, Bhoomika Yadav, L.R. Kumar, and R.D. Tyagi 129
7.1 Introduction 129
7.2 Resilience and Sustainability: Definitions, Differences and Similarities 130
7.3 Technical Purposes of Resilience Engineering 132
7.4 Resilience Assessment Approaches 133
7.5 Indicators for Quantifying Successful Resilience and Sustainability 138
7.6 Some Resilient Systems and Associated Codes/Standards 140
7.7 Communal Resilience and Built Environment Sustainability 144
7.8 Risk Analysis and Resilience 149
7.9 Integration of Sustainability and Resilience 151
7.10 Conclusions 152
References 154
Part II Dimensions and Different Aspects 157
8 Economic Development and Sustainability 159
L.R. Kumar, Anita Talan, and R.D. Tyagi
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 Different Perspectives of Economic Development 159
8.3 Indicators for Economic Development 160
8.4 Economic Development for Sustainability 162
8.5 Economic Policies for Sustainable Development 167
8.6 Economic Development and Environment 170
8.7 Economic Analysis of Sustainable Development 174
8.8 Future Directions for Achieving Economic Sustainable Development 177
8.9 Conclusions 178
References 179
9 Social Dimensions of Sustainability 183
Anita Talan, R.D. Tyagi, and Rao Y. Surampalli
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 Concepts and Definitions of Social Sustainability 184
9.3 Social Sustainability 185
9.4 Dimensions of Social Sustainability 188
9.5 Gaps in Dimensions of Social Sustainability 193
9.6 Research-based Policies and Federal Perspective Toward Social Sustainability 195
9.7 Social Sustainability - an Integrated Approach 200
9.8 Safety and Security 202
9.9 Future Perspective and Conclusions 203
References 204
10 Social Engineering and Sustainability: Revisiting Popper’s “Piecemeal Approach” 207
Neeraj Mishra
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 Emergence of Sustainability on the Global Agenda 208
10.3 Concept of Social Engineering 209
10.4 Karl Popper’s Description of Social Engineering 211
10.5 Social Engineering as a Tool for Sustainable Development 214
10.6 Promoting Sustainable Consumption and Bio‐Politics of Sustainability 217
10.7 Social Engineering, Sustainability and Industrial Production 221
10.8 Conclusions 224
References 225
11 Environment Modeling for Sustainable Development 229
Lalit Borana, Bhaskar Jyoti Deka, Jiaxin Guo, and Alicia Kyoungjin An
11.1 Introduction 229
11.2 Environmental Indicators in the Context of Sustainable Development 231
11.3 Overview of Sustainable Development 235
11.4 Role of Sustainability in Environmental Development 237
11.5 Case Studies: Sustainability Management 241
11.6 Modeling of Sustainability 246
11.7 Modeling Tools for Sustainable Development Policies: Vision 2030 - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 249
11.8 Summary 251
References 251
12 Biodiversity and Sustainability 255
Akshaya K. Verma, Prangya R. Rout, Eunseok Lee, Puspendu Bhunia, Jaeho Bae, Rao Y. Surampalli, Tian C. Zhang, Rajeshwar D. Tyagi, Pengzhi Lin, and Yu Chen
12.1 Introduction 255
12.2 Threats to Biodiversity 257
12.3 Role of Biodiversity in Sustainable Development 268
12.4 Trends of Biodiversity 269
12.5 Conclusions 270
References 271
13 Sustainability of Ecosystem Services (ESs) 277
Carlos S. Osorio‐González, Niranjan Suralikerimath, Krishnamoorthy Hegde, and Satinder K. Brar
13.1 Introduction 277
13.2 Historical Evolution of Ecosystem Services Definition 278
13.3 Framework for Assessing Ecosystem Services 280
13.4 Utilization of Ecosystem Services for Sustainable Development 281
13.5 Recent Advances in Mapping and Measuring Multiple Services 283
13.6 Possible Approaches for Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services 284
13.7 Challenge and Interlinkage Themes for Researchers 287
13.8 Future Directions and Conclusions 288
References 289
14 Sustainable Infrastructure 295
Gilbert Hinge, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Manish Kumar Goyal
14.1 Infrastructure - An Introduction 295
14.2 Mitigation Policies 299
14.3 Strategic Environmental Assessment 301
14.4 Recycling Reuse and Reclamation 304
14.5 Reverse Logistics 305
14.6 Deconstruction 307
14.7 Summary 308
References 309
15 Industrial Practices in Sustainability 313
K.K. Brar, Dalila Larios Martinez, Mitra Naghdi, Satinder K. Brar, Bhupinder Singh Chadha, Preetinder Singh, and Rao Y. Surampalli
15.1 Introduction 313
15.2 Causes of Environmental Deterioration 314
15.3 Effects of Environmental Degradation 315
15.4 Human-Induced Eye-Opening Environmental Incidents 318
15.5 Sustainable Development 319
15.6 Benefits of Being a Sustainable Business 320
15.7 How to Achieve Sustainable Development 321
15.8 Commitment Toward the Environment 322
15.9 Future Action Needed 335
References 336
16 Challenges of Sustainability in Agricultural Management 339
Jew Das, Srinidhi Jha, Manish Kumar Goyal, and Rao Y. Surampalli
16.1 Introduction 339
16.2 An Overview of Indian Agriculture 341
16.3 Agricultural Sustainability: Environmental, Economic and Social Perspectives 347
16.4 Challenges to Agricultural Sustainability 348
16.5 Road to Sustainable Agriculture: Possible Solutions 352
16.6 Conclusions 354
References 355
17 Food Security and Sustainability 357
Preetika Kuknur Pachapur, Vinayak Laxman Pachapur, Satinder K. Brar, Rosa Galvez, Yann Le Bihan, and Rao Y. Surampalli
17.1 Introduction 357
17.2 Food Needs 358
17.3 Population Growth 359
17.4 Impact of Climate Change on Food Security 360
17.5 International Case Studies 361
17.6 Biofuels and Food Security 364
17.7 Water-Energy-Food Security Nexus 367
17.8 Genetically Modified Foods for Food Security 368
17.9 Horizontal Gene Transfer for Food Security 369
17.10 Future Plans for Food Security 369
References 371
18 Sustainable Healthcare Systems 375
Carlos S. Osorio‐González, Krishnamoorthy Hegde, Satinder K. Brar, Antonio Avalos‐ Ramírez, and Rao Y. Surampalli
18.1 Introduction 375
18.2 Classification of Healthcare Systems 376
18.3 Sustainability and Healthcare Systems 377
18.4 Sustainability Challenges in Healthcare Systems 379
18.5 Categories of Sustainability in Healthcare Systems 381
18.6 Overview of Sustainable Healthcare Systems 384
18.7 Conclusion 390
References 391
19 Ethical Aspects of Sustainability 397
Anita Talan, Rajwinder Kaur, R.D. Tyagi, and Tian C. Zhang
19.1 Introduction 397
19.2 Juxtaposing Ethics, Morality and Sustainable Development 398
19.3 Approaches to Ethics 400
19.4 The Neoliberal Era and Adaptation into the Sustainability Framework 402
19.5 Global Flora and Sustainability 405
19.6 Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change: Ethical Perspective 405
19.7 Conclusions 409
References 410
20 Education and Human Resource Development for Sustainability 413
Anita Talan, and R. D Tyagi
20.1 Introduction 413
20.2 Education for Sustainability 413
20.3 Objectives of Education for Sustainable Development 416
20.4 Potential Improvements via Education for Sustainable Development 421
20.5 Global Education and Global Actions of ESD 424
20.6 Sustainability as Human Resource Development 429
20.7 HRD Indicators 432
20.8 Change in HRD for Sustainability 433
20.9 HRD Resources for Sustainable Development 434
20.10 Conclusion 435
References 436
Part III Applications 439
21 Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Management of Water in India: Issues and Challenges 441
Adani Azhoni
21.1 Introduction 441
21.2 Climate Change Challenges to India’s Water Management 443
21.3 Adaptation Approaches 444
21.4 Water Management Institutions and Their Role in Adaptation 449
21.5 Indian Water Institutions 450
21.6 Recent Initiatives to Address Climate Change in India 452
21.7 Adaptation for Sustainability: Two Examples 452
21.8 Discussion and Conclusion 454
References 455
22 Sustainability of Carbon Storage and Sequestration 465
Gilbert Hinge, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Manish Kumar Goyal
22.1 Introduction 465
22.2 Carbon Sources and Sinks 466
22.3 Types of Carbon Sequestration 466
22.4 Methods for Quantification of Soil Organic Carbon Stocks 468
22.5 Adaptation and Mitigation Policy for Carbon Management 475
22.6 Conclusions 479
References 479
23 Environmental Degradation and Sustainability 483
Yong Qi, Puspendu Bhunia, Tian C. Zhang, F. Luo, Pengzhi Lin, and Yu Chen
23.1 Introduction 483
23.2 Desertification and Associated Sustainable Strategies 484
23.3 Environmental Pollution and Associated Impacts 486
23.4 Snow Ablation and Glacier Retreat 491
23.5 Dams and Resettlement 492
23.6 Strategies for Sustainable Development While Addressing Environmental Pollution and Degradation 494
23.7 Future Trends 501
23.8 Conclusions 502
References 502
24 Sustainability of River Water Resources Under the Influence of Climate Change 507
Shivam Gupta and Manish Kumar Goyal
24.1 Introduction 507
24.2 Effects of Global Warming on Observed Changes 508
24.3 Water Stress - the Supply Demand Balance 510
24.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Glaciers and Mountainous Water Resources 511
24.5 Sustainable Management of River Water Resources 512
24.6 Case Studies 513
24.7 Conclusions 523
References 523
25 Sustainable Systems for Groundwater Resource Management 527
Manish Kumar Goyal, Srinidhi Jha, and Rao Y. Surampalli
25.1 Introduction 527
25.2 Occurrence and Distribution 530
25.3 Groundwater Usage in the World 533
25.4 Two Main Challenges 536
25.5 Toward Groundwater Sustainability 539
25.6 Looking for Possible Solutions: Primary Solutions 542
25.7 Intuitional and Organizational Reforms: Secondary Solutions 546
25.8 Conclusions 548
References 549
26 Sustainability and Energy Management in Facilities for Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 553
Joseph Sebastian, Pratik Kumar, Krishnamoorthy Hegde, Satinder K. Brar, Mausam Verma, and Rao Y. Surampalli
26.1 Introduction 553
26.2 Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 554
26.3 Approaches for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment and Reuse 557
26.4 Sustainable Energy Derived from Wastewater 564
26.5 Conclusions 575
References 576
27 Energy Needs for Sustainable Buildings and Transportation 583
Rehan Khan, Suchit Deshmukh, and Ritunesh Kumar
27.1 Introduction 583
27.2 Building and Energy 584
27.3 Energy for Transportation 594
27.4 Conclusions 602
References 602
28 Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Sustainability 605
Manish Kumar Goyal, Ashutosh Sharma, and Rao Y. Surampalli
28.1 Introduction 605
28.2 Remote Sensing for Earth Observation (EO) and Data Acquisition 609
28.3 Sustainable Resource Management Using Remote Sensing and GIS 612
28.4 Case Study 613
28.5 Future Perspectives 619
28.6 Conclusions 620
References 620
29 Artificial Intelligence and Computational Sustainability 627
S.K. Ram and R.D. Tyagi
29.1 Introduction 627
29.2 Basic Elements of AI Implementation 628
29.3 Concept of Computational Sustainability 629
29.4 Computational Sustainability and Ecological Preservation 631
29.5 Potential Applications of AI in Various Sectors 632
29.6 AI for UN Sustainable Development Goals 638
29.7 Challenges Associated with AI 638
29.8 AI and Its Socio‐Economic Impact 641
29.9 AI for Developing Countries: A Case Study of Zimbabwe 643
29.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects 645
References 645
Index 651
