Presented using a pedagogical approach, with numerous examples of applications, this book is the culmination of more than ten years of study by the Intelligent Manufacturing and Services Systems (IMS2) French research group, part of the MACS (Modeling, Analysis and Control of Dynamic Systems) research group at the CNRS. It is intended both for engineers who are interested in emerging industrial developments and for master’s level students wishing to learn about the industrial systems of the future.
Table of Contents
Foreword xiii
André THOMAS
Introduction xvii
Olivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUX
Part 1 Conceptualizing Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 1
Chapter 1 General Concepts 3
Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUX
1.1 Industry at the heart of society 3
1.2 Industrial world in search of a new model 4
1.3 Cyber-physical systems 6
1.4 From cyber-physical systems to industrial cyber-physical systems 8
1.5 Perspectives on the study of industrial cyber-physical systems 11
1.6 References 15
Chapter 2 Moving Towards a Sustainable Model: Societal, Economic and Environmental 17
Patrick MARTIN, Maroua NOUIRI and Ali SIADAT
2.1 Industry of the future and sustainable development 17
2.2 Contribution of ICPS to the social dimension 18
2.2.1 Background 18
2.2.2 Cognitive aspects 21
2.2.3 Health and safety aspects at work 22
2.3 Contribution of ICPS to the environmental dimension 28
2.3.1 Objectives and expectations 28
2.3.2 Example of application 29
2.4 Contribution of ICPS to the economic dimension 30
2.5 Conclusion 32
2.6 References 32
Part 2 Sensing and Distributing Information Within Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 37
Chapter 3 Information Flow in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 39
Thierry BERGER and Yves SALLEZ
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Information and decision loops when using an ICPS 39
3.3 Decision-making processes within the loops of an ICPS 41
3.3.1 Nature of decision-making processes 41
3.3.2 Nature of information 42
3.3.3 Approach to studying the informational loops of the cyber part of an ICPS 43
3.4 Elements for the implementation of loops 45
3.4.1 Generic architecture 45
3.4.2 Link to decision-making processes and the nature of the information 48
3.5 Illustrative examples 48
3.5.1 Example from rail transport 49
3.5.2 Example from the manufacturing sector 50
3.6 Conclusion 52
3.7 References 52
Chapter 4 The Intelligent Product Concept 55
William DERIGENT
4.1 The intelligent product, a leading-edge concept in industrial cyber-physical systems 55
4.2 Definitions of the intelligent product concept 56
4.3 Developments in the concept of intelligent products 59
4.3.1 Group 1: product-driven systems (PDS) 61
4.3.2 Group 2: product lifecycle information management (PLIM) 63
4.4 Conclusions and perspectives on the intelligent product 66
4.5 References 67
Part 3 Digitalizing at the Service of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 71
Chapter 5 Virtualizing Resources, Products and the Information System 73
Theodor BORANGIU, Silviu RĂILEANU and Octavian MORARIU
5.1 Virtualization - the technology for industrial cyber-physical systems 73
5.2 Virtualization in the industrial environment 74
5.3 Shop floor virtualization of resource and product workloads 78
5.3.1 Resource and product virtualization through shop floor profiles 78
5.3.2 Virtualization of collaborative product and resource workloads 83
5.4 MES virtualization in the cloud (vMES) 89
5.5 Perspectives offered by virtualization to industry of the future 94
5.6 References 95
Chapter 6 Cybersecurity of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 97
Antoine GALLAIS and Youcef IMINE
6.1 What are the risks involved? 98
6.1.1 Unavailability of systems 98
6.1.2 Loss of confidentiality or integrity 101
6.1.3 Bypassing access and authentication controls 104
6.2 What means of protection? 105
6.2.1 Ensuring availability 105
6.2.2 Ensuring confidentiality 107
6.2.3 Implementing authentication mechanisms 108
6.2.4 Controlling access, permissions and logging 109
6.3 Conclusion 112
6.4 References 114
Part 4 Controlling Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 117
Chapter 7 Industrial Agents: From the Holonic Paradigm to Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 119
Paulo LEITÃO, Stamatis KARNOUSKOS and Armando Walter COLOMBO
7.1 Overview of multi-agent systems and holonics 120
7.1.1 Multi-agent systems 120
7.1.2 Holonic paradigm 122
7.2 Industrial agents 124
7.2.1 Definition and characteristics 124
7.2.2 Interfacing with physical assets 126
7.3 Industrial agents for realizing industrial cyber-physical systems 127
7.3.1 Supporting the development of intelligent products, machines and systems within cyber-physical systems 127
7.3.2 Implementing an industrial multi-agent system as ICPS 129
7.4 Discussion and future directions 130
7.5 References 131
Chapter 8 Holonic Control Architectures 135
Olivier CARDIN, William DERIGENT and Damien TRENTESAUX
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 HCA fundamentals 136
8.3 HCAs in the physical part of ICPS 137
8.4 Dynamic architectures, towards a reconfiguration of the physical part from the cyber part of ICPS 140
8.5 HCAs and Big Data 143
8.6 HCAs and digital twin: towards the digitization of architectures 144
8.7 References 145
Part 5 Learning and Interacting with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 149
Chapter 9 Big Data Analytics and Machine Learning for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 151
Yasamin ESLAMI, Mario LEZOCHE and Philippe THOMAS
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 Data massification in industrial cyber-physical systems 153
9.3 Big Data and multi-relational data mining (MRDM) 154
9.3.1 Formal concept analysis (FCA) 154
9.3.2 Relational concept analysis (RCA) 157
9.4 Machine learning 160
9.4.1 Basics of machine learning 160
9.4.2 Multilayer perceptron (MLP) 160
9.5 Illustrative example 165
9.6 Conclusion 167
9.7 References 167
Chapter 10 Human-Industrial Cyber-Physical System Integration: Design and Evaluation Methods 171
Marie-Pierre PACAUX-LEMOINE and Frank FLEMISCH
10.1 Introduction 171
10.2 Design methods 175
10.3 Method of integrating HICPS 176
10.3.1 Descending phase 177
10.3.2 Ascending phase 180
10.4 Summary and conclusion 185
10.5 References 186
Part 6 Transforming Industries with Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 189
Chapter 11 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems 191
Catherine DA CUNHA and Nathalie KLEMENT
11.1 Context 191
11.1.1 Developments 192
11.1.2 Issues 193
11.1.3 Resources 193
11.2 Reconfiguration 194
11.2.1 Implementation and decision levels 194
11.2.2 Information systems 195
11.2.3 Adaptation in the context of CPPS/RMS 196
11.2.4 Where and when to reconfigure? 197
11.3 Modeling 197
11.3.1 Data collection 198
11.3.2 Simulation platforms 199
11.4 Ergonomics/cognitive aspects 200
11.5 Operation of the information system 201
11.5.1 Operational level: procurement 201
11.5.2 Responding to disruptions 202
11.5.3 Decision support 203
11.6 Illustrative example 203
11.7 References 205
Chapter 12 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Global and Interconnected Logistics 207
Shenle PAN, Mariam LAFKIHI and Eric BALLOT
12.1 Logistics and its challenges 207
12.2 Contemporary logistics systems and organizations 208
12.2.1 Intra-site logistics 209
12.2.2 Intra-urban logistics 210
12.2.3 Inter-site inter-city logistics 211
12.3 The Physical Internet as a modern and promising logistics organization 212
12.3.1 Concept and definition 212
12.3.2 Topologies of networks of networks 213
12.4 Perspectives of ICPS applications in interconnected logistics: the example of the Physical Internet 215
12.4.1 Modeling the Physical Internet by ICPS: the example of routing 216
12.4.2 Exploiting ICPS: the data-driven approach and the digital twin-driven approach 219
12.5 Conclusion 221
12.6 References 222
Chapter 13 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on Transportation 225
John MBULI and Damien TRENTESAUX
13.1 Introduction 225
13.1.1 Pull forces 226
13.1.2 Complexity factors of the transportation sector 227
13.1.3 Push forces 228
13.2 The impact of ICPS on transportation 229
13.3 Rail transportation service: an illustrative example 231
13.3.1 The physical space of SUPERFLO 233
13.3.2 The human fleet supervisor 235
13.3.3 The cyber space of SUPERFLO 236
13.3.4 Evaluation of the proposed model and industrial expectations 236
13.4 Concluding remarks 238
13.5 Acknowledgments 239
13.6 References 239
Chapter 14 Impacts of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Building Trades 243
William DERIGENT and Laurent JOBLOT
14.1 General introduction 243
14.2 The place of BIM in Construction 4.0 245
14.3 Examples of transformations in the construction sector 247
14.3.1 Control: real-time site management 248
14.3.2 Learning and interacting: virtual reality and machine learning 249
14.3.3 Capturing and distributing: use of wireless technologies (RFID and WSN) 251
14.3.4 Digitalizing: digitalizing technologies for BIM 252
14.4 Example of ICPS in construction 254
14.5 Achieving the digital transformation of businesses 255
14.6 References 257
Chapter 15 Impact of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems on the Health System 261
Franck FONTANILI and Maria DI MASCOLO
15.1 Introduction 261
15.1.1 The health system and its specificities 261
15.1.2 The digital evolution of healthcare production and health 263
15.2 HCPS in the literature 263
15.2.1 HCPS for medical monitoring 266
15.2.2 HCPS for well-being and prevention 266
15.2.3 HCPS for organizational monitoring of patient pathways 267
15.2.4 Sensors for monitoring patients and resources 268
15.3 The contribution of a digital twin in an HCPS 270
15.3.1 General principle of digital twins in health 270
15.3.2 A proposal for an HCPS based on a digital twin of patient pathways in the hospital 271
15.4 Conclusion 274
15.5 References 275
Part 7 Envisioning the Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems of the Future 279
Chapter 16 Ethics and Responsibility of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 281
Sylvie JONAS and Françoise LAMNABHI-LAGARRIGUE
16.1 Introduction 281
16.2 Ethics and ICPS 283
16.2.1 Data management and protection 284
16.2.2 Control in the design of algorithms 285
16.3 Liability and ICPS 288
16.3.1 Existing liability regimes applied to ICPS 289
16.3.2 Proposals for changes in liability regimes 291
16.4 References 294
Chapter 17 Teaching and Learning ICPS: Lessons Learned and Best Practices 297
Bilal AHMAD, Freeha AZMAT, Armando Walter COLOMBO and Gerrit JAN VELTINK
17.1 Introduction 297
17.2 University of Warwick - Bachelor-level curriculum 299
17.2.1 ICPS education: Fusion of computer science and engineering 300
17.2.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 301
17.2.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 301
17.3 University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer - master’s-level curriculum 302
17.3.1 ICPS education: fusion of computer science, electrical and mechatronics engineering 303
17.3.2 Key enabling technologies in the ICPS curriculum 305
17.3.3 Pedagogical principles: teaching ICPS modules 307
17.4 Conclusion 308
17.5 References 309
Conclusion 313
William DERIGENT, Olivier CARDIN and Damien TRENTESAUX
List of Authors 317
Index 321
