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The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 272 Pages
  • September 2023
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5842812
The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease

An accessible overview of the varied microorganisms of the gut

The human gut contains an extraordinary array of microorganisms existing in intricate symbiosis with the body. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining overall gut health and warding off disease. With up to 15% of the global population suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) caused by improper composition of gut microbiota, understanding these organisms and their vital contribution to human health has never been more important.

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease provides a concise, accessible introduction to gut microbiota and their contribution to human health. It offers not only an overview of the relevant microorganisms and their roles in the body, but also extended discussion of diseases caused by gut dysbiosis. It presents a crucial window into this growing body of research into a critical area of overall human health.

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease, readers will also find: - Detailed analysis of dysbiotic health conditions including obesity, diabetes, and more - Thorough treatment of molecular techniques for the analysis gut microbial composition - Discussion of the lowering diversity of bacteria in the gut and the corresponding impact on global health

The Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease is essential for researchers and clinicians working in immunology, gastroenterology, clinical microbiology, and related fields, as well as for clinical dieticians and postgraduate or medical students studying in these areas.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors xiii

1 Structural and Dynamics of Healthy Adult's Microbiota 1
Mahdi Hussein Abdelrazig

1.1 Introduction 1

2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota 7
Lisa F.M. Lee Nen That and Jessica Pandohee

2.1 Introduction 7

2.2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota Throughout Lifespan 8

2.3 Composition of Bacterial Community in the Different Sections of the Gastrointestinal Tract 9

2.4 Stability, Resilience, and Functional Redundancy 10

2.5 Interactions in the Gut Microbiota 11

2.6 Conclusion 13

3 Factors Affecting Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota: A Disease Hallmark 17
Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan, Khushboo, Inderpal Devgon, Atif Khurshid Wani, Nahid Akhtar, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ab Waheed Wani, and Ajit Prakash

3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Composition of Gut Microbiota 18

3.3 Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota 19

3.4 Modulation of Gut Microbiota 23

3.5 Gut Microbiota Hallmark in Disease Condition 25

3.6 Conclusion 26

4 Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiome 31
Gholamreza Abdi, Abu Saeid, Ab Waheed Wani, and Vishal Johar

4.1 Introduction 31

4.2 Gut Microbiota Composition 32

4.3 Antibiotic-induced Changes in the Composition of the Microbiota 32

4.4 Conclusion 38

5 Dysbiosis and its Varied Impacts 41
Rajani Sharma and Kunal Kumar

5.1 Introduction 41

5.2 Causes of Dysbiosis 41

5.3 Dysbiosis, Immune System, and Associated Diseases 44

5.4 Intestinal Colonisation in Neonates and Dysbiosis 48

5.5 Treatment or Therapeutics 48

5.6 Conclusion 50

6 Connection between Dysbiosis and Diet 55
Sagnik Nag, Nimmy Srivastava, Rohan Dutta, Aparajita Bagchi, Israrahmed Adur, and Shuvam Chakraborty

6.1 Introduction 55

6.2 Different Dietary Patterns Resulting in Dysbiosis 59

6.3 Future Prospects in Establishing a Healthy Connection between Diet and Gut Microbiota 68

6.4 Conclusion 70

7 Composition of Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile 81
Jissin Mathew and Anu Jacob

7.1 Introduction 81

8 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 87
Shaimaa H. Negm

8.1 Introduction 87

8.2 Obesity Epidemic: Statistics and General Background 87

8.3 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 87

8.4 Adiposity and Gut Microbiota 90

8.5 Gut Microbiota Modification 92

8.6 The Microbiota and Obesity Interactions 93

9 Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease 99
Shaimaa H. Negm

9.1 Introduction 99

9.2 Gut Microbiota and CVD 100

9.3 Gut Microbiota Composition in Cardiovascular Disease 101

9.4 Gut Microbiota Function in Cardiovascular Disease 103

9.5 Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease 104

10 Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 109
Anu Jacob and Jissin Mathew

10.1 Introduction 109

10.2 Intestinal Microbiome in IBD Patients 110

10.3 Interventions for the Treatment of IBD 113

10.4 Conclusion 115

11 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes 121
Ankita Dey, Ridashisha Rymbai, Hriiziini Monica, and Jutishna Bora

11.1 Introduction 121

11.2 Gut Microbiota 121

11.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes 122

11.4 Alteration in Gut Microbiota Composition in T1 and T2 Diabetes 124

11.5 Diabetic Complications 127

11.6 Therapeutic Approaches 128

11.7 Conclusion 129

12 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Diseases 133
Shaimaa H. Negm

12.1 Introduction 133

12.2 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T1D 133

12.3 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T1D 134

12.4 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T2D 135

12.5 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T2D 136

12.7 Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives Including the Gut Microbiota 137

13 Understanding the Role of Microbiota in Cancer 143
Parneet Kaur , Lisa F. M. Lee Nen That , Saurabh Kulshreshtha , and Jessica Pandohee

13.1 Introduction 143

13.2 Role of Microbiota in Cancers 144

13.3 Mechanism in which Microbiota Kill Cancer Cells 146

13.4 Microbiota that Promote Health Post Cancer Treatment 147

13.5 Conclusion 147

14 Impact of Gut Microbiota on Mental Health in Humans 153
Sagnik Nag, Ankita Saini, Richismita Hazra, and Jutishna Bora

14.1 Introduction 153

14.2 Gut Dysbiosis and Mental Health Disorders 156

14.3 Psychiatric Medication and the Microbiome 161

14.4 Probiotic Treatments for Mental Health Disorders 161

14.5 Future Therapeutic Approach 163

14.6 Conclusion 164

15 Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Central and Enteric Nervous Systems: The Gut--Brain Axis Concept 169
Mohamed Hussein Arbab

15.1 Introduction 169

15.2 The Neuronal Communications 170

15.3 Neuroimmune Regulation of Inflammation and Cellular Defence 171

16 Immune-Modulation and Gut Microbiome 179
Sarah Adjei-Fremah, Mulumebet Worku, and Salam Ibrahim

16.1 Introduction 179

16.2 Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome 180

16.3 Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases 180

16.4 Gut Microbiome-Mediated Immune Modulation 182

16.5 Gut Microbiome Modulators 183

16.6 Prebiotics 185

16.7 Probiotics 185

16.8 Galectins, Gut Microbiome, and Immune Modulation 186

16.9 Conclusion 186

17 Current Molecular Technologies for Assaying the Gut Microbiota: Next-generation DNA Sequencing 193
Harshit Sajal, Yuvaraj Sivamani, and Sumitha Elayaperumal

17.1 Introduction and Overview 193

17.2 Research on the Gut Microbiome Using Next-generation Sequencing 194

17.3 Collection, Storage, and DNA Extraction Methodology 199

17.4 DNA Sequencing and Post-processing 201

17.5 Metabolic Modelling of the Human Gut Microbiome 201

18 The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Gut Modulation 205
Usman Atique, Muhammad Altaf, Dwaipayan Sinha, Shakira Ghazanfar, Md. Ayenuddin Haque, and Shahana Chowdhury

18.1 Introduction 205

18.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics: A Functional Perspective 206

18.3 Diet and its Effect on Gut Microbiota 208

18.4 Modification of Intestinal Microbiota by the Application of Probiotics and Prebiotics 209

18.5 Prebiotics and Gut Immunity 211

18.6 Conclusions and Future Research 211

19 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: A Potential Source for a Healthy Gut 217
Vandana Singh and Bushra Shaida

19.1 Introduction 217

19.2 Prebiotics 218

19.3 Probiotics 221

19.4 Synbiotics 227

19.5 Conclusion 228

20 Current Status and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Patients Suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome 231
Mohamed Hussein Arbab

20.1 Introduction 231

20.2 Donor Selection 232

20.3 Safety Issues of FMT for IBS 233

20.4 Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of FMT 234

20.5 Conclusion and Perspective 234

References 235

Index 239

Authors

Nimmy Srivastava Amity University Jharkhand, India. Salam A. Ibrahim North Carolina Agricultural & Technical State University, USA. Jayeeta Chattopadhyay Amity University Jharkhand, India. Mohamed H. Arbab Omdurman Ahlia University, Sudan.