Organic electrode materials have the potential to overcome the intrinsic limitations of transition metal oxides as cathodes in rechargeable batteries. As promising alternatives to metal-based batteries, organic batteries are renewable, low-cost, and would enable a greener rechargeable world.
Rechargeable Organic Batteries is an up-to-date reference and guide to the next generation of sustainable organic electrodes. Focused exclusively on organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries, this unique volume provides comprehensive coverage of the structures, advantages, properties, reaction mechanisms, and performance of various types of organic cathodes.
In-depth chapters examine carbonyl-, organosulfur-, radical-, and organometallic complexes, as well as polymer-based active materials for electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. Throughout the book, possible application cases and potential challenges are discussed in detail. - Presents advanced characterization methods for verifying redox mechanisms of organic materials - Examines recent advances in carbonyl-based small-molecule cathode materials in battery systems including lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and aqueous zinc-ion batteries - Introduces organosulfide-inorganic composite cathodes with high electrical conductivity and fast reaction kinetics - Outlines research progress on radical electrode materials, polymer-based organic cathode materials, and the development of all-organic batteries - Summarizes the synthesis processes, redox mechanisms, and electrochemical performance of different kinds of organic anode materials for metal-ion batteries
Featuring a general introduction to organic batteries, including a discussion of their necessity and advantages, Rechargeable Organic Batteries is essential reading for electrochemists, materials scientists, organic chemists, physical chemists, and solid-state chemists working in the field.
Table of Contents
Preface ix
1 Necessity and Advantages of Developing Rechargeable Organic Batteries 1
1.1 Current Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies 1
1.2 Rechargeable Organic Batteries 3
1.3 Goal, Scope, and Organization of this Book 4
1.3.1 Working Principles and Fundamental Properties 4
1.3.2 A Selection of an Organic Electrode 4
1.3.3 EES Applications 5
1.3.4 Practical Applications 6
1.3.5 Key Challenges 6
Acknowledgments 7
References 7
2 Redox Mechanisms and Characterization Methods of Organic Electrode Materials 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Carbonyl Materials 14
2.2.1 Redox Mechanisms 14
2.2.2 Characterization Methods 16
2.3 Organosulfide Materials 19
2.3.1 Redox Mechanisms 19
2.3.1.1 Redox Mechanisms of n-type Organosulfides 20
2.3.1.2 Redox Mechanisms of p-Type Organosulfides 20
2.3.2 Characterization Methods 21
2.4 Radical Materials 23
2.4.1 Redox Mechanisms 23
2.4.2 Characterization Methods 23
2.5 N-Containing Active Materials 24
2.5.1 Redox Mechanisms of Azo Materials 24
2.5.2 Redox Mechanisms of Imine Materials 25
2.5.3 Redox Mechanisms of Conjugated Sulfonamides 25
2.5.4 Redox Mechanisms of Nitroaromatic Materials 25
2.5.5 Redox Mechanisms of Other N-containing Active Materials 27
2.5.6 Characterization Methods 28
2.6 Summary and Outlook 30
Acknowledgments 31
References 31
3 Carbonyl-Based Organic Cathodes 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Quinone Compounds 36
3.2.1 Quinones for LIBs 36
3.2.2 Quinones for SIBs 42
3.2.3 Quinones for Aqueous ZIBs 43
3.2.4 Quinones for Other Metal-Ion Batteries 49
3.2.5 Quinones for RFBs 52
3.3 Imides 57
3.4 Anhydrides 59
3.5 Summary and Outlook 61
Acknowledgments 62
References 62
4 Sulfur-Containing Organic Cathodes 65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Organodisulfide 66
4.3 Organopolysulfides 68
4.3.1 Basic Organopolysulfides 68
4.3.2 Thiol-derived Organopolysulfides 73
4.4 Heteroatom-Containing Organosulfides 78
4.4.1 Organosulfides-Containing N-Heterocycles 78
4.4.2 Organosulfides-Containing Selenium 82
4.4.3 Organosulfides-Containing Other Heteroatom 85
4.5 Organosulfur-Inorganic Hybrid Cathodes 88
4.6 Other Organosulfur Cathodes 93
4.7 Summary and Outlooks 96
Acknowledgments 97
References 98
5 Radical-Based Organic Cathodes 101
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Radical for Metal-Ion Battery 102
5.2.1 PTVE Radical 103
5.2.2 Other TEMPO-Based Nitroxyl Radicals 104
5.2.3 Other Nitroxyl Radicals 106
5.2.4 Other Radical Electrode Materials 107
5.2.5 Other Effect of TEMPO 108
5.3 Radicals for Redox Flow Batteries 109
5.3.1 Functionalization for Radicals 110
5.3.2 Ionization for Radicals 114
5.3.3 Radicals Polymer 119
5.4 Summary and Prospect 122
Acknowledgments 124
References 124
6 Organometallic Complexes-Based Electrodes 127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Small Molecules 128
6.2.1 Porphyrin Complex 128
6.2.2 Phthalocyanine Complex 129
6.2.3 Ferrocene 130
6.3 1d MOF 134
6.4 2d MOF 137
6.5 3d MOF 139
6.6 Summary and Outlook 141
Acknowledgments 142
References 142
7 Polymer-Based Organic Cathodes 145
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Organosulfur Polymers 146
7.2.1 Unsaturated Bond-Derived Organosulfur Polymers 146
7.2.2 -SH-Derived Organosulfur Polymers 154
7.2.3 Span 157
7.2.4 Covalent Organosulfur Polymers 163
7.3 Carbonyl-Derived Polymers 167
7.3.1 Polyquinones 168
7.3.2 Polyimides 176
7.3.3 Polyanhydrides 181
7.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks-Derived Polymers 182
7.5 Organic Radical-Derived Polymers 186
7.6 Other Polymers 190
7.6.1 Triphenylamine-Based Polymers 190
7.6.2 Hexaazatrinaphthalene-Based Polymers 191
7.7 Summary and Outlook 193
Acknowledgments 194
References 194
8 Organic Anode 199
8.1 Introduction 199
8.2 Conjugated Carboxylates 200
8.2.1 Aromatic Dicarboxylates 200
8.2.1.1 Effect of Metal Cation 201
8.2.1.2 Effect of Conjugated Core 203
8.2.1.3 Effect of Substituent Groups 209
8.2.1.4 Multi Active Sites 210
8.2.2 Aliphatic Dicarboxylates 211
8.3 Schiff Bases 213
8.4 Azo Compounds 217
8.5 Covalent Organic Frameworks 220
8.6 Thiophene Compounds 222
8.7 Summary and Outlook 223
Acknowledgments 224
References 224
9 All-Organic Batteries 229
9.1 Introduction 229
9.2 Traditional Batteries 230
9.2.1 Cell Configuration 230
9.2.2 Proton Batteries 231
9.2.2.1 Two Different Molecules for Anode and Cathode 232
9.2.2.2 Anchoring Type All-Organic Batteries 235
9.2.2.3 Bipolar All-Organic Proton Batteries 235
9.2.2.4 Other Research on All-Organic Proton Batteries 237
9.2.3 All-Organic Batteries Based on Metallic Carriers 238
9.2.3.1 Li-Ion Carrier for All-Organic Batteries 239
9.2.3.2 Na/K Ions Carrier for All-Organic Batteries 248
9.2.4 Metal-Free Carriers for All-Organic Batteries 250
9.3 Flow Batteries Based on Organic Molecules 254
9.3.1 Cell Configuration 255
9.3.2 Comparison of AORFBs and NORFBs 256
9.3.3 Principle of Molecular Engineering for ORFBs 256
9.3.4 Aqueous all-Organic Redox Flow Batteries 257
9.3.5 Nonaqueous all-Organic Redox Flow Batteries 260
9.4 Summary and Outlook 264
Acknowledgments 265
References 265
10 Outlook 269
Acknowledgments 271
List of Abbreviations 273
Index 285
