Ionic liquids have distinctive properties that have made them the subject of vigorous research in recent decades. They have primarily been seen as potential green alternatives to volatile organic solvents, and therefore as a vital tool in the development of sustainable industry. In fact, however, ionic liquids can also serve as catalysts, catalyst immobilizers, and initiators, with the result that they have been applied in over 100 known types of chemical reactions.
Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Reactions offers a detailed overview of these reactions and the catalytic mechanism of ionic liquids. It surveys cutting-edge research into ionic liquid catalysis and the concepts, perspectives, and skills needed for scientists to incorporate it into a range of experimental fields. It is a must-own for anyone looking to understand the range and variety of uses for ionic liquid catalysis
Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Reactions readers will also find: - Case studies throughout showing ionic liquid catalysis applications - Information for scientists working in organic chemistry, electrochemistry, biotechnology, and many more - Detailed coverage of reactions including CO2 conversion, biomass transformation, organic synthesis, and many others
Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Reactions is ideal for catalytic chemists, organic chemists, environmental chemists, electrochemists, and anyone else working with chemical catalysis in need of new experimental methods.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Ionic liquid catalysts
1.1 Acidic ionic liquids
1.1.2 Brønsted acidic ionic liquids
1.1.2 Lewis acidic ionic liquids
1.1.3 Brønsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids
1.1.4 Heteropolyacid-based ionic liquids
1.2 Basic ionic liquids
1.2.2 Carboxylate ionic liquids
1.2.4 CO2 - reactive ionic liquids
1.2.4.1 Amino-functionalized ionic liquids
1.2.4.2 Azolate ionic liquids
1.2.3.3 Alcoholate and phenolate ionic liquids
1.2.3.4 CO2-reactive ionic liquids with multiple-sites
1.3 Neutra ionic liquids with hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor
1.4 Chiral ionic liquids
Chapter 2 Ionic liquid-catalyzed transformation of carbon dioxide to chemicals under metal-free conditions
2.1 Synthesis of organic carbonates
2.1.1 Synthesis of symmetrically linear carbonates
2.1.2 Synthesis of asymmetrically linear carbonates
2.1.3 Synthesis of cyclic carbonates
2.2 Synthesis of N-containing heterocycles
2.2.1 Synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H, 3H)-diones
2.2.2 Synthesis of 2-oxazolidinones
2.2.3 Synthesis of benzimidazolones
2.3 Reductive transformation of CO2
2.3.1 Formylation of amines with CO2 and hydrosilanes
2.3.2 Reductive cyclization of X (NH, S)-o-substituted anilines with CO2 and hydrosilanes
2.4 Synthesis of other compounds
2.5 Remarks and perspectives
Chapter 3 Ionic liquid-mediated reductive transformation of carbon dioxide with hydrogen
3.1 Direct hydrogenation of CO2
3.1.1 CO2 hydrogenation to CO
3.1.2 Hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid
3.1.3 CO2 hydrogenation to methane
3.1.4 CO2 hydrogenation to C2+ hydrocarbons
3.2 N-formylated or N-methylated reaction of amines with CO2/H2
3.3 Hydroformylation of olefin with CO2/H2
3.4 Hydromethylamination of olefin with CO2/H2 and amines
3.5 Carbonylation of alcohol/ethers with CO2/H2
3.6 Remarks and perspectives
Chapter 4 Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in ionic liquid-based electrolytes
4.1 Fundamentals of CO2 electroreduction
4.1.1 Basic principles of CO2 electroreduction
4.1.2 Reaction pathways of CO2 electroreduction
4.2 Ionic liquid-based electrolytes for CO2 electroreduction
4.2.1 CO2 activation by IL-based electrolytes
4.2.2 Influence of chemical structures of IL-based electrolytes
4.2.3 Influence of composition of the IL-based electrolytes
4.3 Electroreduction of CO2 to various chemicals in IL-based electrolytes
4.3.1 Electroreduction of CO2 to HCOOH
4.3.2 Electroreduction of CO2 to CO
4.3.3 Electroreduction of CO2 to methanol
4.3.4 Electroreduction of CO2 to methane
4.3.5 Electroreduction of CO2 to C2+ compounds
4.4 Electro-transformation of CO2 into value-added chemicals
4.4.1 Electrosynthesis of carboxylic acids
4.4.2 Electrosynthesis of organic carbonates with CO2
4.4.3 Electrosynthesis of organic carbamates from CO2 and amines
4.4.4 Electrosynthesis of methylanilines from CO2
4.5 Remarks and perspectives
Chapter 5 Ionic liquid-catalyzed chemical transformation of lignocellulose
5.1 Ionic liquid-catalyzed transformation of cellulose and its derivatives
5.1.1 Hydrolysis of cellulose to reducing sugars
5.1.2 Dehydration of cellulose and glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
5.1.3 Dehydration of cellulose and glucose to levulinic acid
5.1.4 Oxidation of cellulose to formic acid
5.1.5 Transesterification of cellulose to cellulose esters
5.1.6 Pyrolysis of cellulose to 5-methylfurfural
5.2 Ionic liquid-catalyzed transformation of hemicellulose and xylose to furfural
5.3 Ionic liquid-catalyzed transformation of lignin and its platforms
5.3.1 Direct depolymerization of lignin
5.3.2 Oxidative depolymerization of lignin and its derivatives
5.3.2.1 Oxidative depolymerization of lignin to vanillin
5.3.2.2 Oxidative depolymerization of lignin and derivatives to aromatic carboxylic acids 5.3.2.3 Oxidative cleavage of lignin aromatic unit to diethyl maleate
5.4 Remarks and perspectives
Chapter 6 Ionic liquid catalyzed oxidation reactions
6.1 Oxidation of alcohols/aldehydes
6.1.1 Oxidation of primary alcohols to esters
6.1.2 Oxidation of alcohol to aldehydes or ketones
6.2 Oxidation of organic sulfides and oxidative desulfurization
6.2.1 Oxidation of organic sulfides
6.2.2 Oxidative desulfurization
6.3 Oxidative cyclization of olefins and allylic alcohols
6.4 Oxidation of amines
6.5 Baeyer-Villiger oxidation
6.6 Oxidation of other compounds
6.6.1 Oxidation of Oxime
6.6.2 Oxidation of toluene
6.6.3 Oxidation of organic halides
6.7 Remarks and perspectives
Chapter 7 Ionic liquid catalyzed water-involved reactions
7.1 Dehydrative esterification
7.2 Dehydrative etherification of alcohols
7.3 Dehydration alkenylation
7.4 Dehydrative amidation
7.5 Ionic liquid catalyzed hydration reaction
7.5.1 Hydration of alkynes
7.5.2 Hydration reaction of propargyl alcohols
7.5.3 Hydration reaction of nitriles
7.5.4 hydration of epoxides
7.6 Hydrolysis of esters/ ethers
7.6.1 Hydrolysis of ester
7.6.2 Hydrolysis of cyclic carbonate
7.7 Remarks and perspectives
Chapter 8 Ionic liquid-catalyzed other organic reactions
8.1 Alkylation reaction
8.1.1 Alkylation of olefins
8.1.2 Friedel-Crafts alkylation
8.2 Michael addition reaction
8.2.1 Aza-Michael reaction
8.2.2 Synthesis of chiral chemicals
8.3 Diels-Alder reactions
8.4 Markovnikov addition
8.5 Knoevenagel condensation
8.6 Aldol condensation reaction
8.7 Ring-closing C-O/C-O and C-O/O-H bond metathesis
8.7.1 Ring-closing metathesis of aliphatic diethers
8.7.2 Metathesis of alkyloxy alcohols
8.8 Remarks and perspectives
Chapter 9 Ionic liquid catalyzed recycling of spent polymers
9.1 Degradation of polyesters 1
9.1.1 Degradation of PET
9.1.2 Degradation of PLA
9.1.3 Degradation of PHB
9.1.4 Degradation of PSS
9.1.5 Degradation of PC
9.1.6 Methanolysis of PCL
9.1.7 General approaches to decompose polyesters to carboxylic acids
9.2 Degradation of polyamides
9.3 Upcycling of polyolefins
9.4 Co-upcycling of PVC and polyester
9.5 Remarks and perspectives
Acknowledgements
