An Introduction to Non-Ionizing Radiation

Table of Contents

• Contents
• Foreword
• Preface
• Dedication
• List of Contributors

• Muhammad Maqbool
• Introduction
• Electromagnetic and Mechanical Waves
• Types of Radiation
• Bohr Atomic Model
• Excitation and De-Excitation
• Ionization
• Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
• The Energy of Radiation and the Human Body
• The Quantitative Difference Between Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Ionization Produced by Electron or Β-Rays
• Ionization by Other Charged Particles and Neutrons
• Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Types and Sources of Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgements
• References

• Matter
• Bushra Intakhab and Muhammad Maqbool
• Introduction
• Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Static Fields
• Ultrasound
• Extremely Low Frequency (Elf)
• Radio Frequencies
• Microwave Frequencies
• Infrared
• Visible Spectrum
• Ultraviolet
• Sources of Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Natural Sources
• Artificial Sources
• Summary of Types of Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Interaction of Nonionizing Radiation
• Mechanism of Interaction
• Static Field Interaction With Tissue
• Biological Health Effect of Static Fields
• Static Magnetic Field Interaction and Biological Effects
• Ultrasound Waves’ Interaction With Tissue
• Biological Health Effects of Ultrasound Waves
• Extremely Low-Frequency (Elf) Interaction With Tissue
• Biological Health Effect of Extremely Low-Frequency Radiation
• Radiofrequency and Microwave Interaction With Tissue
• Biological Health Effects of Radiofrequency and Microwave
• Infrared and Visible Radiation Interaction With Tissue
• Biological Health Effects of Infrared and Visible Radiation
• Ultraviolet Radiation (Uvr) Interaction With Tissue
• Biological Health Effects of Uvr
• Conclusion
• References

• Md. Kamal Hossain and Mohammad R. Haider
• Introduction
• Electromagnetic Fields
• Electrostatics
• Coulomb’S Law
• Electric Field
• Gauss’S Law for Electric Fields
• Magneto-Statics
• Ampere’S Law
• Magnetic Field
• Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields
• Electrodynamics
• Ampere-Maxwell Equations
• Electromagnetic Waves
• Maxwell’S Equations
• Plane Electromagnetic Waves
• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
• Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
• Source of Electromagnetic Radiation
• Forms of Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Forms of Ionizing Radiation
• Extremely Low Frequency
• Radio Frequency
• Microwaves
• Infrared
• Visible Light
• Ultraviolet
• X-Rays
• Gamma-Rays
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgement
• References

• Jabari Robinson, Rahima Begum and Muhammad Maqbool
• Introduction
• Types of Uv Radiation
• Ultraviolet Radiation Type a (Uva)
• Ultraviolet Radiation Type B (Uvb)
• Ultraviolet Radiation Type C (Uvc)
• Extreme Ultraviolet Light (Euv)
• Interaction of Ultraviolet Radiation With Tissues
• Benefits and Uses of Uv Radiation
• Vitamin D Production
• Impact of Vitamin D Levels on Covid-19 Mortality Rate
• Tanning
• Uv Laser in the Eye Surgery
• Other Benefits of Uv Radiation
• Ultraviolet Radiation Hazards
• Erythema (Sunburn)
• Premature Aging of the Skin
• Suppression of the Immune System (Aids)
• Skin Cancer
• Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers
• Basal Cell Carcinoma
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Malignant Melanoma
• Ultraviolet Index and Skin Damage
• Personal Risk Factors
• Genetic Factors
• Skin Color
• Environmental Factors
• Environmental Factors
• Damage to the Eyes
• Cataracts Formation
• Photokeratitis and Photo Conjunctivitis
• Macular Degeneration and Pterygium
• Eye Skin Cancer
• Global Burden of Disease Assessment
• Protection from Uv Radiation
• Factors Affecting Uv Radiation Reaching the Ground
• Cover Up With Clothing
• Wear a Hat and Use Lip Balm
• Use Sunscreen
• Apply Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen
• Sun Protection Factor (Spf)
• Wear Sunglasses
• Tips About Sunglasses and Uv Exposure
• Peripheral Vision, Contact Lenses, and Uv Protection
• Children Receive More Uv Than Adults
• Uv Devices and Engineering Controls
• Other Common Uv Devices in Labs
• Administrative Controls
• Accident Investigations
• Conclusion
• References

• Robert Heath and Muhammad Maqbool
• Introduction
• What is Visible Light?
• Introduction to the Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Daily Life Phenomena Based on Visible Light
• How Do We See Objects Around Us?
• How We See Colors?
• Why Red Light Can Be Seen from Far in Fog as Compared to Blue Light?
• Common Uses and Benefits of Visible Light
• Astronomy
• Visible Laser Applications
• Digital Screens
• Sunlight
• Light Bulb
• Glow Sticks
• Leds
• Firecrackers
• Television
• Harmful Effects of Visible Light on the Human Body
• Threats to the Eye
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Amd)
• Cataracts
• Damage to the Eyes
• Chronic Blue Light-Induced Retinal Injury
• Threats to the Skin
• Standards for Protection Against Visible Light Exposures
• Hierarchy of Exposure Controls
• Elimination and Substitution
• Engineering and Environmental Controls
• Administrative Controls
• Personal Protective Equipment (Ppe)
• Protections from the Hazards of Visible Light Exposure
• Safe Practices - Ppe Expanded
• Eyewear
• Face Shields
• Gloves
• Lab Coat
• Caution / Warning Signs Associated With Light Emitting Hazards
• Additional Information About the Effects of Visible Light
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgement
• References

• Hatem Aldeeb and Muhammad Maqbool
• Introduction
• Laser Physics
• Stimulated Emission
• Conditions for Stimulated Emission
• Gain Medium
• Population Inversion
• Metastable State

Author

• Muhammad Maqbool