Advances in Diagnostics and Immunotherapeutics for Neurodegenerative Diseases delves into the intricate mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative disorders and highlights cutting-edge diagnostic methods and innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. This comprehensive book addresses several key themes crucial to understanding and combating these debilitating conditions with an updated understanding of neurodegenerative disorders and a review of the latest advancements in diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Key Themes
- Neuroinflammation: examines the complex molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammatory responses and their impact on disease dynamics.
- Gut-Brain Axis: A thorough discussion on the relationship between the gut microbiome and neurodegenerative processes is presented.
- Advanced Diagnostics: A state-of-the-art review of diagnostic techniques provides updates on advanced neuroimaging modalities, cerebrospinal fluid biomarker analysis, and genetic testing.
- Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia: Covers the emerging field of epigenetic modifications and their role in modulating microglial activation and function.
- Immunotherapeutics: Learn about the potential of monoclonal antibodies, immune modulators, and repurposed drug therapies in slowing disease progression and improving patient outcomes.
Readership
Researchers, clinicians, and students in the fields of molecular biology, neuroimmunology, and clinical neurology.Table of Contents
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- PREFACE
- INTRODUCTION
- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER 1 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES:
- ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL SYMPTOMS, PATHOGENESIS, AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
- Satya Prakash Singh, Deepti Dwivedi, Rabiya Ahsan, Ankur Srivastava and Ajay
- Kumar Shukla
- INTRODUCTION
- Parkinson’s Disease
- Huntington’s Disease
- Alzheimer’s Disorders
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Symptoms of Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Neurodegeneration: Etiologies
- Ageing: Relevant to the Growth of Neurodegenerative Disorders
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Caused by Mitochondrial Dysfunction
- Recent Treatments of Cognitive Impairments
- Pathologies that Mitochondrial DNA Mutations may Cause
- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
- ABBREVIATIONS
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 NEURO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN ALZHEIMER’S V/S
- PARKINSON’S DISEASES
- Amrutha K. and Sarika Singh
- INTRODUCTION
- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE
- APPLICATION OF NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSES FOR DISEASE
- DIAGNOSIS
- TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-Α (TNF-Α)
- INTERLEUKIN-1Β (IL-1Β)
- NITRIC OXIDE (NO)
- CYCLOOXYGENASE- 2 (COX-2)
- INTERFERONS (IFNS)
- ASTROCYTES
- UTILIZATION OF NEUROINFLAMMATORY RESPONSES FOR THERAPEUTICS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE, PARKINSON’S
- DISEASE, AND OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
- Sunil Kumar, Ajay Kumar Shukla, Vimal Kumar Yadav, Ankur Srivastava, Deepti
- Dwivedi and Satya Prakash Singh
- INTRODUCTION
- Worldwide Data of AD
- Pathophysiology of Immunopathogenic Neurodegenerative Disease Hypotheses
- AMYLOID-Β HYPOTHESIS
- Protein Aggregation
- CHOLINERGIC HYPOTHESIS
- METAL HYPOTHESIS
- TAU PROTEIN HYPOTHESIS
- Toxic Oligomer’ Hypothesis
- Protein Homeostasis Hypothesis (Protein (Mis) Folding)
- Dissents and Molecular Chaperones
- Protein Misfolding and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
- Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
- Interaction of Proteins
- Autophagy and Neurodegeneration
- UPS in Neurodegenerative Disorders
- Aggresomes
- OXIDATIVE STRESS
- Metals and Oxidative Stress
- Oxidative Stress in Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
- IMPAIRED MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION HYPOTHESIS
- FRAGMENTATION OF NEURONAL GOLGI HYPOTHESIS
- DISRUPTION OF CELLULAR/AXONAL TRANSPORT DYSREGU- LATION
- HYPOTHESIS
- Axonal Transport in Other Neurodegenerative Diseases
- DYSFUNCTION OF NEUROTROPHINS HYPOTHESIS
- NEUROINFLAMMATORY HYPOTHESIS
- THE ROLE OF CHEMOKINES IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES (NDD)
- HYPOTHESIS
- CCL2 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein
- Human Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α (CCL3)
- CXCL8 (Interleukin 8)
- CXCL12 (Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1)
- CX3CL1 (Fractalkine)
- MULTIFACETED NEURONAL DEATH HYPOTHESIS
- Cell Death Cascades in NDDs
- THE IMMUNOPATHOGENESIS OF GUT MICROBIOTA HYPOTHESIS
- Gut Microbiota Responsible for Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Gut Microbiota Impact on Immune System and Neuroinflammation
- Gut Microbiota Impact on Activities
- NEUROTRANSMITTERS HYPOTHESIS
- NEW INSIGHTS PATHOGENESIS
- Gamma Oscillations Ameliorate Pathology and Cognitive Impairment in AD
- Aβ and Tau Prions Spread Through the Brains of AD Patients
- Aβ Interact with Hippocampal Ghrelin/GHSR1α Signaling in AD
- Aβ Constrict Cerebral Capillaries in AD Pathology
- CONCLUSION
- AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
- REFERENCES:
CHAPTER 4 IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOTHERAPIES IN HUNTINGTON'S
- DISEASE
- Arttatrana Pal, Golden Kumari and Sonu Kumar
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNE SYSTEM AND BRAIN
- Immune System and HD brain
- Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in HD
- Clinical Features in HD
- Immune Complement System in HD
- Pathways of the Complement System and Cytokines in HD
- Neuro-inflammation and Neurodegeneration in HD
- ROLE OF INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN HD
- Role of Microglia
- mHTT and Inflammation
- Monocytes and Macrophages in HD
- Complement System
- IL-6
- IL-1β
- TNF-α
- TLRs
- Mast Cells
- ROLE OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSES IN HD
- Dendritic Cells
- T Cells
- IL-4
- Immune Treatment for HD
- IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUGS FOR HD
- Drugs for Chorea in HD
- Tetrabenazine
- Deutetrabenazine
- Dopamine Antagonists
- Anti-glutamatergic
- Antipsychotic Medication
- More Drugs for HD
- Laquinimod
- Anti-semaphorin 4D
- Anti-TNF-α Therapy
- Immunotherapies for mHTT
- Antibody-based Therapy for HD
- Indirect Therapies Helpful for HD Subjects Along with Immunotherapy
- Speech Therapy
- Physical Therapy and Establishing a Routine Activity
- Supplements for HD
- Future Perspectives
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO GUT MICROBIOTA AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
- VARIOUS BRAIN DISORDERS
- Afreen Usmani and Anuradha Mishra
- INTRODUCTION
- EFFECTS OF INTESTINAL MICROBIOME-BASED THERAPIES ON
- NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
- Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
- Parkinson's Disease (PD)
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Huntington’s Disease (HD)
- Neurodegenerative Diseases and Short Chain Fatty acids (SCFAs)
- CONCLUSION
- Future Perspective
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 INTERPLAY BETWEEN GUT-MICROBIOTA AND NEURODEGENERATION
- Sumel Ashique, Radheshyam Pal, Shubneesh Kumar, Bharti Verma, Nitish Kumar,
- Ivan Kahwa, Arshad Farid, Neeraj Mishra, Prashant Kumar and Farzad
- Taghizadeh-Hesary
- INTRODUCTION
- GUT MICROBIOTA
- Gut Microbiota and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Correlation
- BRAIN AND GUT MICROBIOTA COMMUNICATIONS
- Gut-Brain Axis
- Blood-Brain Barrier and Molecules Derived from the Gut
- Central Nervous System Modifications
- Modification of Immune System
- A NEW PARTICIPANT IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: GUT MICROBIOTA:
- CNS HOMEOSTASIS
- Microbiome's Role in Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
- Microbiome's Role in Parkinson's Disease
- Microbiome's Role in Huntington's Disease
- Microbiota Implicates Internal Factor - Influence on Multiple Sclerosis
- Gut Microbiota and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Frontotemporal Dementia
- Gut Microbiota and Various Different Forms of Dementia
- GUT MICROBIOME, OXIDATIVE STRESS, AND NEURODE- GENERATION
- GUT MICROBIOME IN NEUROPROTECTION
- Gut Microbiome Metabolites for Neuroprotection with their Cell-specific Responses
- Gut Microbiome Interaction with Specific Host Molecules
- Interaction between Dietary Molecules and Gut Microbiome
- ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF GUT MICROBIOTA ON BRAIN
- NEURODEGENERATION USING EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
- Systems for Continual Gut Microbiota Culture
- Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME)
- TNO Gastro-Intestinal Model (TIM)
- Dynamic Gastro-Intestinal Simulator (SIMGI)
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF MICROGLIA: PLAUSIBLE MECHANISM
- AND INTERVENTIONAL APPROACHES IN NEURODEGENERATION
- Sameen Shafi, Hafizur Rahman Khan and Preeti Bajpai
- INTRODUCTION
- Origin of Microglia
- Microglial Polarization Phenotype
- MICROGLIAL FUNCTIONS
- Maintenance of Synapses
- Synaptic Pruning
