In recent years, the intersection of nanotechnology and medicine has ushered in a new era of therapeutics and diagnostics. Among the myriad nanostructures, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as versatile candidates with immense potential for theranostic applications. Their unique combination of magnetic properties and functionalization capabilities has paved the way for innovative approaches in both the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases.
Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and manipulation of these MNPs is essential for harnessing their full potential in theranostics. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled precise control over their size, shape, and surface chemistry, allowing for tailored functionalities to suit specific biomedical applications. From superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to magnetic nanorods and beyond, the diverse landscape of MNPs offers a rich playground for innovation. The convergence of diagnosis and therapy is facilitated by functionalized MNPs; their magnetic properties render them invaluable tools for imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), offering high-resolution anatomical and functional information for disease detection and monitoring. Simultaneously, functionalizing MNPs with targeting ligands, therapeutic agents, or stimuli-responsive moieties empowers them to actively engage in targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, or magnetic manipulation of biological processes. This synergistic approach exemplifies the essence of theranostics - combining therapy and diagnostics to achieve personalized and precise medical interventions.
The book discusses the challenges ahead, including the translation of functionalized MNPs from bench to bedside, which necessitates rigorous preclinical and clinical evaluations to ensure safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility. Moreover, the complex interplay between nanoparticles and biological systems demands a multidisciplinary approach, bridging the gap between materials science, biology, and clinical medicine. Regulatory hurdles, scalability issues, and ethical considerations further underscore the need for concerted efforts and strategic collaborations in the development and commercialization of MNP-based theranostic platforms.
The readers will find that “Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications” comprehensively covers the chemical, structural, and biological properties of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications as well as most of the challenges.
Audience
This unique reference book will be of great value to materials engineers, polymer scientists, and technologists working in the electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries. It will also be of great use to graduate, postgraduate, and engineering students working in materials and polymer science.
Table of Contents
Preface xix
1 Magnetic Nanoparticles: Classifications, Structure, Physicochemical Properties, and Implications for Biomedical Applications 1
Ezaz Haider Gilani, Umer Mehmood, Rabia Nazar, Andleeb Arshad, Faris Baig, Arshia Fatima, Noor Shahzadi, Usama Mehmood and Fahad Iftikhar
List of Abbreviations 2
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Synthesis Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) 4
1.3 Methods of Protection 11
1.4 Functionalization and Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles 19
1.5 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles 20
1.6 Conclusions 26
2 Biogenic or Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 39
Sanjana Tewari, Manisha Bhardwaj, Sonia Saini, Vivek Sharma, Swapnil Sharma and Jaya Dwivedi
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Green Materials for the Biosynthesis of MNPs 41
2.3 Mechanism of Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Algae-Mediated MNPs 54
2.4 Factors Affecting MNP Synthesis 54
2.5 Applications of MNPs 56
2.6 Conclusion and Future Research Prospects 61
3 Surface Modification Methods of Magnetic Nanoparticles 69
Sangita Kumari Swain, Anupam Sahoo, Puspanjali Mishra, Sukanta Kumar Swain and Sukanta Kumar Tripathy
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Surface Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Inorganic Materials 71
3.3 Surface Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Organic Molecules 79
3.4 Conclusion 87
4 Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterizations of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles 97
Nastaran Hashemzadeh, Sina Pakkhesal, Abolghasem Jouyban and Elaheh Rahimpour
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Microscopy Approaches 98
4.3 Spectroscopy 102
4.4 Application of Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches 104
4.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 119
5 Coating Approaches of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications 131
Sagar Pardeshi, Amol Gholap, Harshad Kapare, Apoorva More, Norma Rebello and Prabhanjan Giram
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles Used in Theranostics 132
5.3 Coating Method for Magnetic Nanoparticles Used for Theranostics 134
5.4 Characterization of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles in Theranostic Application 143
5.5 Theranostics Applications of Functionalized MNPs 148
5.6 Consideration of Theranostic Nanoparticles 157
5.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 160
6 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Based Hybrid Systems for Theranostics 173
Mehmet Karagözlü, Süleyman Asýr, Deniz Türkmen, Ammar Zidan, Fatma Haciogullarý and Adil Denizli
6.1 Introduction 174
6.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 174
6.3 Functionalization and Modification of Magnetic Nanoparticles 183
6.4 Theranostic Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles 190
6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 205
7 Functional Magnetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Theranostic Applications 213
Sushil Raut, Jyotsna G. Vitore, Pratiksha Alandikar, Shivani Singh, Rutika Jadhav, Derajram Benival and Prabhanjan Giram
7.1 Introduction 213
7.2 Need and Dual Nature of Theranostics 215
7.3 Types of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystems 215
7.4 Preparation Techniques 221
7.5 Applications of Lipid-Based Biosystem as Theragnostic 224
7.6 Application of Functionalized Magnetic Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Theragnostic 231
7.7 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystem 239
7.8 Toxicological Aspects 241
7.9 Clinical Status of Lipid-Based Nanobiosystem for Theranostic Application 241
7.10 Patents From 2015 to 2022 on Theranostic Lipid-Based System 242
7.11 Challenges for the Theranostic Nanobiosystem 244
7.12 Conclusion 245
8 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy 251
Devesh Kapoor, Smita Jain, Seema Patil, Shivangi Jaiswal, Jaya Dwivedi and Swapnil Sharma
8.1 Introduction 251
8.2 Photothermal Therapy 259
8.3 Photodynamic Therapy 261
8.4 Photothermal Therapy Based on MNPs 266
8.5 Photodynamic Therapy Based on MNPs 275
8.6 Combined Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy Based on MNPs 276
8.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 277
9 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering 283
Swati Paliwal and Swapnil Sharma
9.1 Introduction 283
9.2 Functionalized Nanoparticles Used in Tissue Engineering 284
9.3 Characterizations 286
9.4 Biocompatibility and Toxicity 288
9.5 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 289
9.6 Delivery of NPs 291
9.7 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine 292
9.8 Application in Tissue Repair and Regeneration 297
9.9 Challenges and Future Prospects 306
9.10 Conclusions 308
10 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization 319
Darshan R. Telange, Anil M. Pethe, Surendra S. Agrawal, Umesh B. Telrandhe and Preeti S. Bobade
10.1 Introduction 319
10.2 Basic Concepts of Enzyme Immobilization 321
10.3 Benefits of Enzyme Immobilization and Functionalized MNPs Over to Conventional Nanoparticles 322
10.4 Formulation Components 322
10.5 Manufacturing Techniques of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles 323
10.6 Enzyme Immobilization Using Magnetic Nanoparticles 325
10.7 Physicochemical Characterization of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles 337
10.8 Applications of Magnetic and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enzyme Immobilization 339
10.9 Conclusion and Future Viewpoint 340
11 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy Applications 347
Arpita Mishra, Sangeetha Menon, Mayank Pandey and Kalim Deshmukh
11.1 Introduction 347
11.2 Design and Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 348
11.3 Gene Delivery System 354
11.4 Topical and Systemic Delivery 359
11.5 Magnetofection in Cells 363
11.6 Gene Delivery to Internal Organs 366
11.7 Conclusion 369
12 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Chemotherapy Applications 377
Payal Kesharwani, Smita Jain, Kanika Verma, Jaya Dwivedi and Swapnil Sharma
12.1 Introduction 378
12.2 Method of Preparation of Functionalized MNPs 380
12.3 Functionalization of Target-Specific MNPs 384
12.4 MNPs: Toxicity, Biodistribution, Pharmacokinetic 388
12.5 MNPs for Cancer Therapeutics 390
12.6 Conclusion 407
13 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bioseparation Applications 417
R. Abhinayaa, S. Sivaselvam, M. Veena and N. Ponpandian
13.1 Introduction 417
13.2 Magnetic Bioseparation 420
13.3 Conclusion 433
14 Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Application 439
Swetapadma Praharaj and Dibyaranjan Rout
14.1 Introduction 439
14.2 Synthesis of MNPs 442
14.3 Factors Affecting Magnetic Properties 448
14.4 Surface Coating and Functionalization of MNPs 451
14.5 Applications of MNPs 452
14.6 Drug Delivery 456
14.7 Summary 462
15 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy 469
Chandi Charan Dey, Madhumita Dalal and Pabitra Kumar Chakrabarti
15.1 Introduction 470
15.2 Synthesis of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles 471
15.3 Magnetism of Nanoparticles 472
15.4 Biocompatibility of Magnetic Nanoparticles 477
15.5 Concept of Heat Generation 480
15.6 Structural and Morphological Impact on Hyperthermia 484
15.7 Magnetic Hyperthermia in Clinical Practice 485
15.8 Drawbacks and Future Scope 493
15.9 Conclusion 494
16 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Photoacoustics and Ultrasound Imaging 503
Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena, Amrita Kulkarni, Shruti Rajan, Rachit Jain, Vasavi Pasupuleti and Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
16.1 Introduction 504
16.2 Photoacoustic and Ultrasound (PA/US) Imaging Modality 504
16.3 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles: Theranostic Potential 507
16.4 Role of FMNPs in Central Nervous System Disorders 512
16.5 Functionalized MNPs in CNS Disease Management 514
16.6 Conclusion 525
17 Biocompatibility, Toxicity Concerns, Environmental and Safety Considerations, and Legal Aspects of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles 533
Parveen Kumar, Ranjit Singh and Preeti Kush
17.1 Introduction 533
17.2 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Concerns of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles 535
17.3 Environmental and Safety Considerations of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles 546
17.4 Legal Aspects 551
17.5 Future Perspective and Conclusion 554
References 555
Index 559
