The Global Market for Sustainable Chemical Feedstocks 2025-2035

Table of Contents

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 The Need for a New Era in the Chemical Industry
1.2 Defining the New Era of Chemicals
1.3 Global Drivers and Trends
1.3.1 Consumer and brand demand for sustainable products
1.3.2 Government Regulation
1.3.3 Carbon taxation
1.3.4 Costs
1.3.4.1 Oil Prices
1.3.4.2 Process Costs
1.3.4.3 Capital Costs
1.4 The Changing Landscape of the Chemical Industry
1.4.1 Historical Context: From Coal to Oil to Renewables
1.4.2 Current State of the Global Chemical Industry
1.4.3 Environmental Challenges and Regulatory Pressures
1.4.4 Shifting Consumer Demands and Market Dynamics
1.4.5 The Role of Digitalization and Industry 4
1.5 Emerging and Transforming Markets in the New Era of Chemicals
1.5.1 Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
1.5.2 Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
1.5.3 Sustainable Packaging
1.5.4 Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings
1.5.5 Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
1.5.6 Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
1.5.7 Water Treatment and Purification
1.5.8 Carbon Capture and Utilization Products
1.5.9 Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
1.5.10 Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy

2 FEEDSTOCKS
2.1 Sustainable Feedstocks: The Foundation of the New Era
2.2 Overview of Sustainable Feedstock Options
2.3 Biomass as a Chemical Feedstock
2.3.1 Types of Biomass and Their Chemical Compositions
2.3.2 Pretreatment and Conversion Technologies
2.3.3 Challenges in Scaling Up Biomass Utilization
2.3.4 Lignocellulosic feedstocks
2.3.4.1 Wood-based feedstocks
2.3.4.2 Agricultural waste
2.3.4.3 Energy crops
2.3.5 Non-lignocellulosic feedstocks
2.3.5.1 Agricultural waste
2.3.5.2 Algae based feedstocks
2.4 CO2 as a Carbon Source
2.4.1 CO2 Capture Technologies
2.4.2 Chemical Conversion Pathways for CO
2.4.3 Economic and Technical Barriers to CO2 Utilization
2.5 Waste Valorization
2.5.1 Municipal Solid Waste as a Feedstock
2.5.2 Industrial Waste Streams and By-products
2.5.3 Plastic Waste Recycling and Upcycling
2.6 Renewable (Green) Hydrogen
2.6.1 Electrolysis Technologies
2.6.2 Integration of Renewable Energy in Hydrogen Production
2.6.3 Hydrogen's Role in Chemical Synthesis
2.7 Feedstock Transition Pathways for Industry

3 GREEN CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
3.1 The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
3.2 Atom Economy and Step Economy in Synthesis
3.3 Solvent Reduction and Green Solvents
3.3.1 Water as a Reaction Medium
3.3.2 Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.3 Supercritical Fluids in Chemical Processes
3.4 Catalysis for Green Chemistry
3.4.1 Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
3.4.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements
3.4.3 Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis
3.5 Green Metrics and Life Cycle Assessment in Chemistry
3.6 Feedstock-Specific Green Chemistry Approaches
3.6.1 Green Chemistry Principles Applied to Next-Generation Feedstocks

4 CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
4.1 Principles of Circular Economy
4.2 Design for Circularity in Chemical Products
4.3 Chemical Recycling Technologies
4.3.1 Applications
4.3.2 Pyrolysis
4.3.2.1 Non-catalytic
4.3.2.2 Catalytic
4.3.2.2.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis
4.3.2.2.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel
4.3.2.2.3 Used tires pyrolysis
4.3.2.2.3.1 Conversion to biofuel
4.3.2.2.4 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
4.3.2.3 Companies and capacities
4.3.3 Gasification
4.3.3.1 Technology overview
4.3.3.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
4.3.3.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
4.3.3.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
4.3.3.2 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
4.3.4 Dissolution
4.3.4.1 Technology overview
4.3.4.2 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
4.3.5 Depolymerisation
4.3.5.1 Hydrolysis
4.3.5.1.1 Technology overview
4.3.5.2 Enzymolysis
4.3.5.2.1 Technology overview
4.3.5.3 Methanolysis
4.3.5.3.1 Technology overview
4.3.5.4 Glycolysis
4.3.5.4.1 Technology overview
4.3.5.5 Aminolysis
4.3.5.5.1 Technology overview
4.3.5.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
4.3.6 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
4.3.6.1 Hydrothermal cracking
4.3.6.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming
4.3.6.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
4.3.6.4 Plasma pyrolysis
4.3.6.5 Plasma gasification
4.3.6.6 Supercritical fluids
4.4 Upcycling of Chemical Waste
4.5 Circular Business Models in the Chemical Sector
4.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Circularity
4.7 Companies

5 ELECTRIFICATION OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES
5.1 The Role of Renewable Electricity in Chemical Production
5.2 Electrochemical Synthesis
5.2.1 Electroorganic Synthesis
5.2.2 Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
5.2.3 Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation
5.3 Plasma Chemistry
5.4 Microwave-Assisted Chemistry
5.5 Integration of Power-to-X Technologies in Chemical Production

6 DIGITALIZATION AND INDUSTRY 4.0 IN CHEMISTRY
6.1 Big Data and Advanced Analytics in Chemical Research
6.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications
6.2.1 In Silico Design of Molecules and Materials
6.2.2 Process Optimization and Predictive Maintenance
6.2.3 Automated Synthesis and High-Throughput Experimentation
6.3 Digital Twins in Chemical Plant Operations
6.4 Blockchain for Supply Chain Transparency and Traceability
6.5 Cybersecurity Challenges in the Digitalized Chemical Industry

7 ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES
7.1 Continuous Flow Chemistry
7.1.1 Microreactors and Process Intensification
7.1.2 Advantages in Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals
7.1.3 Challenges in Scale-up and Implementation
7.2 Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
7.3 3D Printing of Chemicals and Materials
7.3.1 Direct Ink Writing and Reactive Printing
7.3.2 Applications in Custom Synthesis and Formulation
7.4 Advanced Process Control and Real-time Monitoring
7.5 Flexible and Adaptable Production Systems

8 BIOREFINING AND INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
8.1 Biorefinery Concepts and Configurations
8.1.1 Biorefinery Classifications
8.1.2 Biorefinery Configurations
8.1.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery:
8.1.2.2 Whole-Crop Biorefinery
8.1.2.3 Green Biorefinery
8.1.2.4 Thermochemical Biorefinery
8.1.2.5 Marine Biorefinery
8.1.2.6 Integrated Forest Biorefinery
8.1.2.7 Integration and Process Intensification
8.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass Processing
8.3 Algal Biorefineries
8.4 Upstream Processing
8.4.1 Cell Culture
8.4.1.1 Overview
8.4.1.2 Types of Cell Culture Systems
8.4.1.3 Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance
8.4.1.4 Advances in Cell Culture Technology
8.4.1.4.1 Single-use systems
8.4.1.4.2 Process analytical technology (PAT)
8.4.1.4.3 Cell line development
8.5 Fermentation
8.5.1 Overview
8.5.1.1 Types of Fermentation Processes
8.5.1.2 Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance
8.5.1.3 Advances in Fermentation Technology
8.5.1.3.1 High-cell-density fermentation
8.5.1.3.2 Continuous processing
8.5.1.3.3 Metabolic engineering
8.6 Downstream Processing
8.6.1 Purification
8.6.1.1 Overview
8.6.1.2 Types of Purification Methods
8.6.1.2.1 Factors Affecting Purification Performance
8.6.1.3 Advances in Purification Technology
8.6.1.3.1 Affinity chromatography
8.6.1.3.2 Membrane chromatography
8.6.1.3.3 Continuous chromatography
8.7 Formulation
8.7.1 Overview
8.7.1.1 Types of Formulation Methods
8.7.1.2 Factors Affecting Formulation Performance
8.7.1.3 Advances in Formulation Technology
8.7.1.3.1 Controlled release
8.7.1.3.2 Nanoparticle formulation
8.7.1.3.3 3D printing
8.8 Bioprocess Development
8.8.1 Scale-up
8.8.1.1 Overview
8.8.1.2 Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance
8.8.1.3 Scale-up Strategies
8.8.2 Optimization
8.8.2.1 Overview
8.8.2.2 Factors Affecting Optimization Performance
8.8.2.3 Optimization Strategies
8.9 Analytical Methods
8.9.1 Quality Control
8.9.1.1 Overview
8.9.1.2 Types of Quality Control Tests
8.9.1.3 Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance
8.9.2 Characterization
8.9.2.1 Overview
8.9.2.2 Types of Characterization Methods
8.9.2.3 Factors Affecting Characterization Performance
8.10 Scale of Production
8.10.1 Laboratory Scale
8.10.1.1 Overview
8.10.1.2 Scale and Equipment
8.10.1.3 Advantages
8.10.1.4 Disadvantages
8.10.2 Pilot Scale
8.10.2.1 Overview
8.10.2.2 Scale and Equipment
8.10.2.3 Advantages
8.10.2.4 Disadvantages
8.10.3 Commercial Scale
8.10.3.1 Overview
8.10.3.2 Scale and Equipment
8.10.3.3 Advantages
8.10.3.4 Disadvantages
8.11 Mode of Operation
8.11.1 Batch Production
8.11.1.1 Overview
8.11.1.2 Advantages
8.11.1.3 Disadvantages
8.11.1.4 Applications
8.11.2 Fed-batch Production
8.11.2.1 Overview
8.11.2.2 Advantages
8.11.2.3 Disadvantages
8.11.2.4 Applications
8.11.3 Continuous Production
8.11.3.1 Overview
8.11.3.2 Advantages
8.11.3.3 Disadvantages
8.11.3.4 Applications
8.11.4 Cell factories for biomanufacturing
8.11.5 Perfusion Culture
8.11.5.1 Overview
8.11.5.2 Advantages
8.11.5.3 Disadvantages
8.11.5.4 Applications
8.11.6 Other Modes of Operation
8.11.6.1 Immobilized Cell Culture
8.11.6.2 Two-Stage Production
8.11.6.3 Hybrid Systems
8.12 Host Organisms

9 CO2 UTILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
9.1 Overview
9.2 CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology
9.3 Carbon utilization business models
9.3.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
9.3.2 Market challenges
9.4 Co2 utilization pathways
9.5 Conversion processes
9.5.1 Thermochemical
9.5.1.1 Process overview
9.5.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
9.5.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO
9.5.2.1 Process overview
9.5.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO
9.5.4 Catalytic conversion of CO
9.5.5 Biological conversion of CO
9.5.6 Copolymerization of CO
9.5.7 Mineral carbonation
9.6 CO2-derived products
9.6.1 Fuels
9.6.1.1 Overview
9.6.1.2 Production routes
9.6.1.3 CO΍ -fuels in road vehicles
9.6.1.4 CO΍ -fuels in shipping
9.6.1.5 CO΍ -fuels in aviation
9.6.1.6 Power-to-methane
9.6.1.6.1 Biological fermentation
9.6.1.6.2 Costs
9.6.1.7 Algae based biofuels
9.6.1.8 CO΍-fuels from solar
9.6.1.9 Companies
9.6.1.10 Challenges
9.6.2 Chemicals and polymers
9.6.2.1 Polycarbonate from CO΍
9.6.2.2 Carbon nanostructures
9.6.2.3 Scalability
9.6.2.4 Applications
9.6.2.4.1 Urea production
9.6.2.4.2 CO΍-derived polymers
9.6.2.4.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
9.6.2.4.4 Carbon nanotubes
9.6.2.5 Companies
9.6.3 Construction materials
9.6.3.1 Overview
9.6.3.2 CCUS technologies
9.6.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
9.6.3.4 Additives during mixing
9.6.3.5 Concrete curing
9.6.3.6 Costs
9.6.3.7 Market trends and business models
9.6.3.8 Companies
9.6.3.9 Challenges
9.6.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
9.6.4.1 Overview
9.6.4.2 Applications
9.6.4.2.1 Greenhouses
9.6.4.2.2 Algae cultivation
9.6.4.2.2.1 CO΍-enhanced algae cultivation: open systems
9.6.4.2.2.2 CO΍-enhanced algae cultivation: closed systems
9.6.4.2.3 Microbial conversion
9.6.4.2.4 Food and feed production
9.6.4.3 Companies
9.7 CO΍ Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
9.7.1 Overview
9.7.1.1 Process
9.7.1.2 CO΍ sources
9.7.2 CO΍-EOR facilities and projects
9.7.3 Challenges
9.8 Enhanced mineralization
9.8.1 Advantages
9.8.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
9.8.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
9.8.4 Challenges

10 ADVANCED CATALYSTS FOR SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY
10.1 Overview of biocatalyst technology
10.1.1 Biotransformations
10.1.2 Cascade biocatalysis
10.1.3 Co-factor recycling
10.1.4 Immobilization
10.2 Types of biocatalysts
10.2.1 Microorganisms
10.2.1.1 Bacteria
10.2.1.2 Fungi
10.2.1.3 Yeast
10.2.1.4 Archaea
10.2.1.5 Algae
10.2.1.6 Cyanobacteria
10.2.2 Engineered biocatalysts
10.2.2.1 Directed Evolution
10.2.2.2 Rational Design
10.2.2.3 Semi-Rational Design
10.2.2.4 Immobilization
10.2.2.5 Fusion Proteins
10.2.3 Enzymes
10.2.3.1 Detergent Enzymes
10.2.3.2 Food Processing Enzymes
10.2.3.3 Textile Processing Enzymes
10.2.3.4 Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes
10.2.3.5 Leather Processing Enzymes
10.2.3.6 Biofuel Production Enzymes
10.2.3.7 Animal Feed Enzymes
10.2.3.8 Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes
10.2.3.9 Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes
10.2.3.10 Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes
10.2.4 Other types
10.2.4.1 Ribozymes
10.2.4.2 DNAzymes
10.2.4.3 Abzymes
10.2.4.4 Nanozymes
10.2.4.5 Organocatalysts
10.3 Production methods and processes
10.3.1 Fermentation
10.3.2 Recombinant DNA technology
10.3.3 ell-Free Protein Synthesis
10.3.4 Extraction from Natural Sources
10.3.5 Solid-State Fermentation
10.4 Emerging technologies and innovations in biocatalysis
10.4.1 Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering
10.4.1.1 Batch biomanufacturing
10.4.1.2 Continuous biomanufacturing
10.4.1.3 Fermentation Processes
10.4.1.4 Cell-free synthesis
10.4.2 Generative biology and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
10.4.2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations
10.4.2.2 Quantum Mechanical Calculations
10.4.2.3 Systems Biology Modeling
10.4.2.4 Metabolic Engineering Modeling
10.4.3 Genome engineering
10.4.4 Immobilization and encapsulation techniques
10.4.5 Biomimetics
10.4.6 Nanoparticle-based biocatalysts
10.4.7 Biocatalytic cascades and multi-enzyme systems
10.4.8 Microfluidics
10.5 Companies

11 SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING
11.1 Metabolic engineering
11.2 Gene and DNA synthesis
11.3 Gene Synthesis and Assembly
11.4 Genome engineering
11.4.1 CRISPR
11.4.1.1 CRISPR/Cas9-modified biosynthetic pathways
11.4.1.2 TALENs
11.4.1.3 ZFNs
11.5 Protein/Enzyme Engineering
11.6 Synthetic genomics
11.6.1 Principles of Synthetic Genomics
11.6.2 Synthetic Chromosomes and Genomes
11.7 Strain construction and optimization
11.8 Smart bioprocessing
11.9 Chassis organisms
11.10 Biomimetics
11.11 Sustainable materials
11.12 Robotics and automation
11.12.1 Robotic cloud laboratories
11.12.2 Automating organism design
11.12.3 Artificial intelligence and machine learning
11.13 Bioinformatics and computational tools
11.13.1 Role of Bioinformatics in Synthetic Biology
11.13.2 Computational Tools for Design and Analysis
11.14 Xenobiology and expanded genetic alphabets
11.15 Biosensors and bioelectronics
11.16 Feedstocks
11.16.1 C1 feedstocks
11.16.1.1 Advantages
11.16.1.2 Pathways
11.16.1.3 Challenges
11.16.1.4 Non-methane C1 feedstocks
11.16.1.5 Gas fermentation
11.16.2 C2 feedstocks
11.16.3 Biological conversion of CO
11.16.4 Food processing wastes
11.16.4.1 Syngas
11.16.4.2 Glycerol
11.16.4.3 Methane
11.16.4.4 Municipal solid wastes
11.16.4.5 Plastic wastes
11.16.4.6 Plant oils
11.16.4.7 Starch
11.16.4.8 Sugars
11.16.4.9 Used cooking oils
11.16.4.10 Green hydrogen production
11.16.4.11 Blue hydrogen production
11.16.5 Marine biotechnology
11.16.5.1 Cyanobacteria
11.16.5.2 Macroalgae
11.16.5.3 Companies

12 GREEN SOLVENTS AND ALTERNATIVE REACTION MEDIA
12.1 Bio-based Solvents
12.2 Switchable Solvents
12.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES)
12.4 Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Applications
12.5 Solvent-free Reactions and Mechanochemistry
12.6 Solvent Selection Tools and Frameworks
12.7 Companies

13 WASTE VALORIZATION AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
13.1 Municipal Solid Waste to Chemicals
13.2 Agricultural and Food Waste Valorization
13.3 Critical Material Extraction Technology
13.3.1 Recovery of critical materials from secondary sources (e.g., end-of-life products, industrial waste) 
13.3.2 Critical rare-earth element recovery from secondary sources
13.3.3 Li-ion battery technology metal recovery
13.3.4 Critical semiconductor materials recovery
13.3.5 Critical semiconductor materials recovery
13.3.6 Critical platinum group metal recovery
13.3.7 Critical platinum Group metal recovery
13.4 Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery
13.4.1 Bio-based Flocculants and Coagulants
13.4.2 Green Oxidants and Disinfectants
13.4.3 Sustainable Membrane Materials
13.4.3.1 Bio-based polymer membranes
13.4.3.2 Ceramic membranes from recycled materials
13.4.3.3 Self-healing membranes
13.4.4 Advanced Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal
13.4.4.1 Biochar
13.4.4.2 Activated carbon from waste biomass
13.4.4.3 Green zeolites and MOFs (Metal-Organic Frameworks)
13.4.5 Nutrient Recovery Technologies
13.4.6 Resource Recovery from Industrial Wastewater
13.4.7 Bioelectrochemical Systems
13.4.8 Green Solvents in Extraction Processes
13.4.9 Photocatalytic Materials
13.4.10 Biodegradable Chelating Agents
13.4.11 Biocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment
13.4.12 Advanced Adsorption Materials
13.4.13 Sustainable pH Adjustment Chemicals
13.5 Mining Waste Valorization
13.5.1 Bioleaching and Biooxidation
13.5.2 Green Lixiviants for Metal Extraction
13.5.3 Phytomining and Phytoremediation
13.5.4 Sustainable Flotation Chemicals
13.5.5 Electrochemical Recovery Methods
13.5.6 Geopolymers and Mine Tailings Utilization
13.5.7 CO2 Mineralization
13.5.8 Sustainable Remediation Technologies
13.5.9 Waste-to-Energy Technologies
13.5.10 Advanced Separation Techniques
13.6 Companies

14 ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION
14.1 Energy Efficiency Measures in Chemical Plants
14.2 Heat Recovery and Pinch Analysis
14.3 Renewable Energy Sources in Chemical Production
14.4 Energy Storage Technologies for Process Industries
14.5 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
14.6 Industrial Symbiosis and Energy Integration

15 SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT
15.1 Green Chemistry Metrics and Sustainability Indicators
15.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in Chemical Processes
15.3 Safety by Design Principles
15.4 Risk Assessment and Management in New Chemical Technologies
15.5 Environmental Impact Assessment
15.6 Social and Ethical Considerations in the New Era of Chemicals

16 REGULATIONS AND POLICY
16.1 Global Chemical Regulations and Their Evolution
16.2 Environmental Policies Driving Sustainable Chemistry
16.3 Incentives and Support Mechanisms for Green Chemistry
16.4 Challenges in Regulating Emerging Technologies
16.5 International Cooperation and Harmonization Efforts

17 MARKETS AND PRODUCTS
17.1 Sustainable Materials and Polymers
17.1.1 Bioplastics and Biodegradable Polymers
17.1.1.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
17.1.1.1.1 Overview
17.1.1.1.2 Properties
17.1.1.1.3 Applications
17.1.1.1.4 Advantages
17.1.1.1.5 Commercial examples
17.1.1.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
17.1.1.2.1 Overview
17.1.1.2.2 Properties
17.1.1.2.3 Applications
17.1.1.2.4 Commercial examples
17.1.1.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
17.1.1.3.1 Overview
17.1.1.3.2 Production Process
17.1.1.3.3 Properties
17.1.1.3.4 Applications
17.1.1.3.5 Commercial examples
17.1.1.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
17.1.1.4.1 Overview
17.1.1.4.2 Properties
17.1.1.4.3 Applications
17.1.1.4.4 Commercial examples
17.1.1.5 Bio-PA
17.1.1.5.1 Overview
17.1.1.5.2 Properties
17.1.1.5.3 Commercial examples
17.1.1.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)- Aliphatic aromatic copolyesters
17.1.1.6.1 Overview
17.1.1.6.2 Properties
17.1.1.6.3 Applications
17.1.1.6.4 Commercial examples
17.1.1.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
17.1.1.7.1 Overview
17.1.1.7.2 Properties
17.1.1.7.3 Applications
17.1.1.7.4 Commercial examples
17.1.1.8 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
17.1.1.8.1 Overview
17.1.1.8.2 Properties
17.1.1.8.3 Applications
17.1.1.8.4 Commercial examples
17.1.1.9 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
17.1.1.9.1 Properties
17.1.1.9.2 Applications
17.1.1.9.3 Commercial examples
17.1.1.10 Starch-based blends
17.1.1.10.1 Overview
17.1.1.10.2 Properties
17.1.1.10.3 Applications
17.1.1.10.4 Commercial examples
17.1.1.11 Cellulose
17.1.1.11.1 Feedstocks
17.1.1.12 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
17.1.1.12.1 Properties
17.1.1.13 Nanocellulose
17.1.1.13.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
17.1.1.13.1.1 Applications
17.1.1.13.2 Cellulose nanofibers
17.1.1.13.2.1 Applications
17.1.1.13.2.1.1 Reinforcement and barrier
17.1.1.13.2.1.2 Biodegradable food packaging foil and films
17.1.1.13.2.1.3 Paperboard coatings
17.1.1.13.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
17.1.1.13.3.1 Applications in packaging
17.1.1.13.3.2 Commercial examples
17.1.1.14 Protein-based bioplastics in packaging
17.1.1.14.1 Feedstocks
17.1.1.14.2 Commercial examples
17.1.1.15 Alginate
17.1.1.15.1 Overview
17.1.1.15.2 Production
17.1.1.15.3 Applications
17.1.1.15.4 Producers
17.1.1.16 Mycelium
17.1.1.16.1 Overview
17.1.1.16.2 Applications
17.1.1.16.3 Commercial examples
17.1.1.17 Chitosan
17.1.1.17.1 Overview
17.1.1.17.2 Applications
17.1.1.17.3 Commercial examples
17.1.1.18 Bio-naphtha
17.1.1.18.1 Overview
17.1.1.18.2 Markets and applications
17.1.1.18.3 Commercial examples
17.1.2 Recycled and Upcycled Plastics
17.1.3 High-Performance Bio-based Materials
17.1.4 Companies
17.2 Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
17.2.1 Overview
17.2.2 Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents
17.2.3 Precision Agriculture Chemicals
17.2.4 Controlled-Release Fertilizers
17.2.5 Biostimulants
17.2.6 Microbials
17.2.6.1 Overview
17.2.6.2 Microbial biostimulants and biofertilizers
17.2.6.3 Microbiome manipulation
17.2.6.4 Prebiotics
17.2.7 Biochemicals
17.2.8 Semiochemicals
17.2.9 Macrobials
17.2.10 Biopesticides
17.2.10.1 Natural herbicides and insecticides
17.2.11 Companies
17.3 Sustainable Construction Materials
17.3.1 Established bio-based construction materials
17.3.2 Hemp-based Materials
17.3.2.1 Hemp Concrete (Hempcrete)
17.3.2.2 Hemp Fiberboard
17.3.2.3 Hemp Insulation
17.3.3 Mycelium-based Materials
17.3.3.1 Insulation
17.3.3.2 Structural Elements
17.3.3.3 Acoustic Panels
17.3.3.4 Decorative Elements
17.3.4 Sustainable Concrete and Cement Alternatives
17.3.4.1 Geopolymer Concrete
17.3.4.2 Recycled Aggregate Concrete
17.3.4.3 Lime-Based Materials
17.3.4.4 Self-healing concrete
17.3.4.4.1 Bioconcrete
17.3.4.4.2 Fiber concrete
17.3.4.5 Microalgae biocement
17.3.4.6 Carbon-negative concrete
17.3.4.7 Biomineral binders
17.3.5 Natural Fiber Composites
17.3.5.1 Types of Natural Fibers
17.3.5.2 Properties
17.3.5.3 Applications in Construction
17.3.6 Cellulose nanofibers
17.3.6.1 Sandwich composites
17.3.6.2 Cement additives
17.3.6.3 Pump primers
17.3.6.4 Insulation materials
17.3.7 Sustainable Insulation Materials
17.3.7.1 Types of sustainable insulation materials
17.3.7.2 Biobased and sustainable aerogels (bio-aerogels)
17.3.8 Companies
17.4 Sustainable Packaging
17.4.1 Paper and board packaging
17.4.2 Food packaging
17.4.2.1 Bio-Based films and trays
17.4.2.2 Bio-Based pouches and bags
17.4.2.3 Bio-Based textiles and nets
17.4.2.4 Bioadhesives
17.4.2.4.1 Starch
17.4.2.4.2 Cellulose
17.4.2.4.3 Protein-Based
17.4.2.5 Barrier coatings and films
17.4.2.5.1 Polysaccharides
17.4.2.5.1.1 Chitin
17.4.2.5.1.2 Chitosan
17.4.2.5.1.3 Starch
17.4.2.5.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
17.4.2.5.3 Poly(butylene Succinate)
17.4.2.5.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
17.4.2.6 Active and Smart Food Packaging
17.4.2.6.1 Active Materials and Packaging Systems
17.4.2.6.2 Intelligent and Smart Food Packaging
17.4.2.7 Antimicrobial films and agents
17.4.2.7.1 Natural
17.4.2.7.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
17.4.2.7.3 Biopolymers
17.4.2.8 Bio-based Inks and Dyes
17.4.2.9 Edible films and coatings
17.4.2.9.1 Overview
17.4.2.9.2 Commercial examples
17.4.2.10 Types of bio-based coatings and films in packaging
17.4.2.10.1 Polyurethane coatings
17.4.2.10.1.1 Properties
17.4.2.10.1.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
17.4.2.10.1.3 Products
17.4.2.10.2 Acrylate resins
17.4.2.10.2.1 Properties
17.4.2.10.2.2 Bio-based acrylates
17.4.2.10.2.3 Products
17.4.2.10.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
17.4.2.10.3.1 Properties
17.4.2.10.3.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
17.4.2.10.4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) coatings
17.4.2.10.5 Cellulose coatings and films
17.4.2.10.5.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
17.4.2.10.5.2 Cellulose nanofibers
17.4.2.10.5.2.1 Properties
17.4.2.10.5.2.2 Product developers
17.4.2.10.6 Lignin coatings
17.4.2.10.7 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
17.4.2.10.7.1 Plant derived proteins
17.4.2.10.7.2 Animal origin proteins
17.4.3 Carbon capture derived materials for packaging
17.4.3.1 Benefits of carbon utilization for plastics feedstocks
17.4.3.2 CO΍-derived polymers and plastics
17.4.3.3 CO2 utilization products
17.4.4 Companies
17.5 Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
17.5.1 Natural and Bio-based Ingredients
17.5.2 Microplastic Alternatives
17.5.2.1 Natural hard materials
17.5.2.2 Polysaccharides
17.5.2.2.1 Starch
17.5.2.2.2 Cellulose
17.5.2.2.2.1 Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)
17.5.2.2.2.2 Regenerated cellulose microspheres
17.5.2.2.2.3 Cellulose nanocrystals
17.5.2.2.2.4 Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
17.5.2.2.3 Chitin
17.5.2.3 Proteins
17.5.2.3.1 Collagen/Gelatin
17.5.2.3.2 Casein
17.5.2.4 Polyesters
17.5.2.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
17.5.2.4.2 Polylactic acid
17.5.2.5 Other natural polymers
17.5.2.5.1 Lignin
17.5.2.5.1.1 Description
17.5.2.5.1.2 Applications and commercial status
17.5.2.5.2 Alginate
17.5.2.5.2.1 Applications and commercial status
17.5.3 Waterless Formulations
17.5.4 Companies
17.6 Bio-based and Eco-Friendly Paints and Coatings
17.6.1 UV-cure
17.6.2 Waterborne coatings
17.6.3 Treatments with less or no solvents
17.6.4 Hyperbranched polymers for coatings
17.6.5 Powder coatings
17.6.6 High solid (HS) coatings
17.6.7 Use of bio-based materials in coatings
17.6.7.1 Biopolymers
17.6.7.2 Coatings based on agricultural waste
17.6.7.3 Vegetable oils and fatty acids
17.6.7.4 Proteins
17.6.7.5 Cellulose
17.6.7.6 Plant-Based wax coatings
17.6.8 Barrier coatings
17.6.8.1 Polysaccharides
17.6.8.1.1 Chitin
17.6.8.1.2 Chitosan
17.6.8.1.3 Starch
17.6.8.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
17.6.8.3 Poly(butylene Succinate
17.6.8.4 Functional Lipid and Proteins Based Coatings
17.6.9 Alkyd coatings
17.6.9.1 Alkyd resin properties
17.6.9.2 Bio-based alkyd coatings
17.6.9.3 Products
17.6.10 Polyurethane coatings
17.6.10.1 Properties
17.6.10.2 Bio-based polyurethane coatings
17.6.10.2.1 Bio-based polyols
17.6.10.2.2 Non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU)
17.6.10.3 Products
17.6.11 Epoxy coatings
17.6.11.1 Properties
17.6.11.2 Bio-based epoxy coatings
17.6.11.3 Products
17.6.12 Acrylate resins
17.6.12.1 Properties
17.6.12.2 Bio-based acrylates
17.6.12.3 Products
17.6.13 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
17.6.13.1 Bio-PLA coatings and films
17.6.14 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
17.6.15 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
17.6.16 Cellulose nanofibers
17.6.17 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
17.6.18 Rosins
17.6.19 Bio-based carbon black
17.6.19.1 Lignin-based
17.6.19.2 Algae-based
17.6.20 Lignin
17.6.21 Antimicrobial films and agents
17.6.21.1 Natural
17.6.21.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
17.6.21.3 Biopolymers
17.6.22 Nanocoatings
17.6.23 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
17.6.23.1 Plant derived proteins
17.6.23.2 Animal origin proteins
17.6.24 Algal coatings
17.6.25 Polypeptides
17.6.26 Companies
17.7 Green Electronics
17.7.1 Biodegradable Electronics
17.7.2 Recycled and Recoverable Electronic Materials
17.7.3 Conventional electronics manufacturing
17.7.4 Benefits of Green Electronics manufacturing
17.7.5 Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
17.7.6 Green Electronics Manufacturing
17.7.7 Sustainability in PCB manufacturing
17.7.7.1 Sustainable cleaning of PCBs
17.7.8 Design of PCBs for sustainability
17.7.8.1 Rigid
17.7.8.2 Flexible
17.7.8.3 Additive manufacturing
17.7.8.4 In-mold elctronics (IME)
17.7.9 Materials
17.7.9.1 Metal cores
17.7.9.2 Recycled laminates
17.7.9.3 Conductive inks
17.7.9.4 Green and lead-free solder
17.7.9.5 Biodegradable substrates
17.7.9.5.1 Bacterial Cellulose
17.7.9.5.2 Mycelium
17.7.9.5.3 Lignin
17.7.9.5.4 Cellulose Nanofibers
17.7.9.5.5 Soy Protein
17.7.9.5.6 Algae
17.7.9.5.7 PHAs
17.7.9.6 Biobased inks
17.7.10 Substrates
17.7.10.1 Halogen-free FR
17.7.10.1.1 FR4 limitations
17.7.10.1.2 FR4 alternatives
17.7.10.1.3 Bio-Polyimide
17.7.10.2 Metal-core PCBs
17.7.10.3 Biobased PCBs
17.7.10.3.1 Flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
17.7.10.3.2 Recent commercial activity
17.7.10.4 Paper-based PCBs
17.7.10.5 PCBs without solder mask
17.7.10.6 Thinner dielectrics
17.7.10.7 Recycled plastic substrates
17.7.10.8 Flexible substrates
17.7.11 Sustainable patterning and metallization in electronics manufacturing
17.7.11.1 Introduction
17.7.11.2 Issues with sustainability
17.7.11.3 Regeneration and reuse of etching chemicals
17.7.11.4 Transition from Wet to Dry phase patterning
17.7.11.5 Print-and-plate
17.7.11.6 Approaches
17.7.11.6.1 Direct Printed Electronics
17.7.11.6.2 Photonic Sintering
17.7.11.6.3 Biometallization
17.7.11.6.4 Plating Resist Alternatives
17.7.11.6.5 Laser-Induced Forward Transfer
17.7.11.6.6 Electrohydrodynamic Printing
17.7.11.6.7 Electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs
17.7.11.6.8 Green electroless plating
17.7.11.6.9 Smart Masking
17.7.11.6.10 Component Integration
17.7.11.6.11 Bio-inspired material deposition
17.7.11.6.12 Multi-material jetting
17.7.11.6.13 Vacuumless deposition
17.7.11.6.14 Upcycling waste streams
17.7.12 Sustainable attachment and integration of components
17.7.12.1 Conventional component attachment materials
17.7.12.2 Materials
17.7.12.2.1 Conductive adhesives
17.7.12.2.2 Biodegradable adhesives
17.7.12.2.3 Magnets
17.7.12.2.4 Bio-based solders
17.7.12.2.5 Bio-derived solders
17.7.12.2.6 Recycled plastics
17.7.12.2.7 Nano adhesives
17.7.12.2.8 Shape memory polymers
17.7.12.2.9 Photo-reversible polymers
17.7.12.2.10 Conductive biopolymers
17.7.12.3 Processes
17.7.12.3.1 Traditional thermal processing methods
17.7.12.3.2 Low temperature solder
17.7.12.3.3 Reflow soldering
17.7.12.3.4 Induction soldering
17.7.12.3.5 UV curing
17.7.12.3.6 Near-infrared (NIR) radiation curing
17.7.12.3.7 Photonic sintering/curing
17.7.12.3.8 Hybrid integration
17.7.13 Sustainable integrated circuits
17.7.13.1 IC manufacturing
17.7.13.2 Sustainable IC manufacturing
17.7.13.3 Wafer production
17.7.13.3.1 Silicon
17.7.13.3.2 Gallium nitride ICs
17.7.13.3.3 Flexible ICs
17.7.13.3.4 Fully printed organic ICs
17.7.13.4 Oxidation methods
17.7.13.4.1 Sustainable oxidation
17.7.13.4.2 Metal oxides
17.7.13.4.3 Recycling
17.7.13.4.4 Thin gate oxide layers
17.7.13.5 Patterning and doping
17.7.13.5.1 Processes
17.7.13.5.1.1 Wet etching
17.7.13.5.1.2 Dry plasma etching
17.7.13.5.1.3 Lift-off patterning
17.7.13.5.1.4 Surface doping
17.7.13.6 Metallization
17.7.13.6.1 Evaporation
17.7.13.6.2 Plating
17.7.13.6.3 Printing
17.7.13.6.3.1 Printed metal gates for organic thin film transistors
17.7.13.6.4 Physical vapour deposition (PVD)
17.7.14 End of life
17.7.14.1 Hazardous waste
17.7.14.2 Emissions
17.7.14.3 Water Usage
17.7.14.4 Recycling
17.7.14.4.1 Mechanical recycling
17.7.14.4.2 Electro-Mechanical Separation
17.7.14.4.3 Chemical Recycling
17.7.14.4.4 Electrochemical Processes
17.7.14.4.5 Thermal Recycling
17.7.15 Green Certification
17.7.16 Companies
17.8 Sustainable Textiles and Fibers
17.8.1 Types of bio-based fibres
17.8.1.1 Natural fibres
17.8.1.2 Main-made bio-based fibres
17.8.2 Bio-based synthetics
17.8.3 Recyclability of bio-based fibres
17.8.4 Lyocell
17.8.5 Bacterial cellulose
17.8.6 Algae textiles
17.8.7 Bio-based leather
17.8.7.1 Properties of bio-based leathers
17.8.7.1.1 Tear strength
17.8.7.1.2 Tensile strength
17.8.7.1.3 Bally flexing
17.8.7.2 Comparison with conventional leathers
17.8.7.3 Comparative analysis of bio-based leathers
17.8.7.4 Plant-based leather
17.8.7.4.1 Overview
17.8.7.4.2 Production processes
17.8.7.4.2.1 Feedstocks
17.8.7.4.2.1 Agriculture Residues
17.8.7.4.2.2 Food Processing Waste
17.8.7.4.2.3 Invasive Plants
17.8.7.4.2.4 Culture-Grown Inputs
17.8.7.4.2.5 Textile-Based
17.8.7.4.2.6 Bio-Composite
17.8.7.4.3 Products
17.8.7.4.4 Market players
17.8.7.5 Mycelium leather
17.8.7.5.1 Overview
17.8.7.5.2 Production process
17.8.7.5.2.1 Growth conditions
17.8.7.5.2.2 Tanning Mycelium Leather
17.8.7.5.2.3 Dyeing Mycelium Leather
17.8.7.5.3 Products
17.8.7.5.4 Market players
17.8.7.6 Microbial leather
17.8.7.6.1 Overview
17.8.7.6.2 Production process
17.8.7.6.3 Fermentation conditions
17.8.7.6.4 Harvesting
17.8.7.6.5 Products
17.8.7.6.6 Market players
17.8.7.7 Lab grown leather
17.8.7.7.1 Overview
17.8.7.7.2 Production process
17.8.7.7.3 Products
17.8.7.7.4 Market players
17.8.7.8 Protein-based leather
17.8.7.8.1 Overview
17.8.7.8.2 Production process
17.8.7.8.3 Commercial activity
17.8.7.9 Sustainable textiles coatings and dyes
17.8.7.9.1 Overview
17.8.7.9.1.1 Coatings
17.8.7.9.1.2 Dyes
17.8.7.9.2 Commercial activity
17.8.8 Companies
17.9 Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
17.9.1 Biofuels and Synthetic Fuels
17.9.2 Biodiesel
17.9.2.1 Biodiesel by generation
17.9.2.2 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
17.9.2.2.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
17.9.2.2.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
17.9.2.2.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
17.9.2.2.3.1 Production process
17.9.2.2.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
17.9.2.2.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
17.9.2.2.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
17.9.2.2.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
17.9.2.2.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
17.9.2.3 Prices
17.9.2.4 Global production and consumption
17.9.3 Renewable diesel
17.9.3.1 Production
17.9.3.2 SWOT analysis
17.9.3.3 Global consumption
17.9.3.4 Prices
17.9.4 Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
17.9.4.1 Description
17.9.4.2 SWOT analysis
17.9.4.3 Global production and consumption
17.9.4.4 Production pathways
17.9.4.5 Prices
17.9.4.6 Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
17.9.4.7 Market challenges
17.9.4.8 Global consumption
17.9.5 Bio-naphtha
17.9.5.1 Overview
17.9.5.2 SWOT analysis
17.9.5.3 Markets and applications
17.9.5.4 Prices
17.9.5.5 Production capacities, by producer, current and planned
17.9.5.6 Production capacities, total (tonnes), historical, current and planned
17.9.6 Biomethanol
17.9.6.1 SWOT analysis
17.9.6.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
17.9.6.2.1 Production processes
17.9.6.2.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
17.9.6.2.1.2 Biomass gasification
17.9.6.2.1.3 Power to Methane
17.9.7 Ethanol
17.9.7.1 Technology description
17.9.7.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
17.9.7.3 SWOT analysis
17.9.7.4 Ethanol to jet fuel technology
17.9.7.5 Methanol from pulp & paper production
17.9.7.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
17.9.7.7 Gasification
17.9.7.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
17.9.7.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
17.9.7.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
17.9.7.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
17.9.7.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
17.9.7.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
17.9.7.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
17.9.7.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
17.9.7.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
17.9.7.10 Global ethanol consumption
17.9.8 Biobutanol
17.9.8.1 Production
17.9.8.2 Prices
17.9.9 Biomass-based Gas
17.9.9.1 Biomethane
17.9.9.2 Production pathways
17.9.9.2.1 Landfill gas recovery
17.9.9.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
17.9.9.2.3 Thermal gasification
17.9.9.3 SWOT analysis
17.9.9.4 Global production
17.9.9.5 Prices
17.9.9.5.1 Raw Biogas
17.9.9.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane
17.9.9.6 Bio-LNG
17.9.9.6.1 Markets
17.9.9.6.1.1 Trucks
17.9.9.6.1.2 Marine
17.9.9.6.2 Production
17.9.9.6.3 Plants
17.9.9.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
17.9.9.8 Carbon capture from biogas
17.9.10 Biosyngas
17.9.10.1 Production
17.9.10.2 Prices
17.9.11 Biohydrogen
17.9.11.1 Description
17.9.11.2 SWOT analysis
17.9.11.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
17.9.11.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes
17.9.11.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction
17.9.11.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
17.9.11.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes
17.9.11.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification
17.9.11.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis
17.9.11.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming
17.9.11.4 Applications
17.9.11.5 Prices
17.9.12 Biochar in biogas production
17.9.13 Bio-DME
17.9.14 Chemical recycling for biofuels
17.9.14.1 Plastic pyrolysis
17.9.14.2 Used tires pyrolysis
17.9.14.2.1 Conversion to biofuel
17.9.14.3 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
17.9.14.4 Gasification
17.9.14.4.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
17.9.14.4.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
17.9.14.4.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
17.9.14.5 Hydrothermal cracking
17.9.15 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
17.9.15.1 Introduction
17.9.15.2 Benefits of e-fuels
17.9.15.3 Feedstocks
17.9.15.3.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
17.9.15.4 CO2 capture
17.9.15.5 Production
17.9.15.5.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
17.9.15.6 Companies
17.9.16 Algae-derived biofuels
17.9.16.1 Technology description
17.9.16.1.1 Conversion pathways
17.9.16.2 Production
17.9.16.3 Market challenges
17.9.16.4 Prices
17.9.16.5 Producers
17.9.17 Green Ammonia
17.9.17.1 Production
17.9.17.1.1 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
17.9.17.1.2 Green ammonia projects
17.9.17.2 Green ammonia synthesis methods
17.9.17.2.1 Haber-Bosch process
17.9.17.2.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
17.9.17.2.3 Electrochemical production
17.9.17.2.4 Chemical looping processes
17.9.17.3 Blue ammonia
17.9.17.3.1 Blue ammonia projects
17.9.17.3.2 Markets and applications
17.9.17.3.3 Chemical energy storage
17.9.17.3.4 Ammonia fuel cells
17.9.17.3.5 Marine fuel
17.9.17.3.6 Prices
17.9.17.4 Companies and projects
17.9.18 Bio-oils (pyrolysis oils)
17.9.18.1 Description
17.9.18.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils
17.9.18.2 Production
17.9.18.2.1 Fast Pyrolysis
17.9.18.2.2 Costs of production
17.9.18.2.3 Upgrading
17.9.18.3 Applications
17.9.18.4 Bio-oil producers
17.9.18.5 Prices
17.9.19 Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF)
17.9.19.1 Overview
17.9.19.2 Production
17.9.19.2.1 Production process
17.9.19.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment
17.9.19.3 Markets
17.9.20 Bio-based Lubricants
17.9.21 Companies
17.10 Green Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
17.10.1 Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis
17.10.1.1 Green Solvents
17.10.1.1.1 Supercritical CO2 (scCO2)
17.10.1.1.2 Ionic Liquids
17.10.1.1.3 Bio-based Solvents
17.10.1.1.4 Water-based Reactions
17.10.1.2 Catalysis
17.10.1.2.1 Biocatalysis (Enzymes and Whole-cell Catalysts)
17.10.1.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalysts
17.10.1.2.3 Organocatalysts
17.10.1.2.4 Photocatalysis
17.10.1.3 Continuous Flow Chemistry
17.10.1.3.1 Microreactors
17.10.1.3.2 Flow Photochemistry
17.10.1.3.3 Electrochemical Flow Cells
17.10.1.4 Alternative Energy Sources
17.10.1.4.1 Microwave-assisted Synthesis
17.10.1.4.2 Ultrasound-assisted Reactions
17.10.1.4.3 Mechanochemistry (Ball Milling)
17.10.1.5 Green Oxidation and Reduction Methods
17.10.1.5.1 Electrochemical oxidation/reduction
17.10.1.5.2 Photochemical reactions
17.10.1.5.3 Hydrogen peroxide as green oxidant
17.10.1.6 Atom-Economical Reactions
17.10.1.7 Bio-based Starting Materials
17.10.1.8 Process Intensification
17.10.1.9 Green Analytical Techniques
17.10.1.10 Sustainable Purification Methods
17.10.2 Bio-based Drug Delivery Systems
17.10.2.1 Natural polymers
17.10.2.1.1 Chitosan and its derivatives
17.10.2.1.2 Alginate
17.10.2.1.3 Hyaluronic acid
17.10.2.1.4 Cellulose and its derivatives
17.10.2.2 Protein-based Materials
17.10.2.2.1 Albumin nanoparticles
17.10.2.2.2 Collagen matrices
17.10.2.2.3 Silk fibroin scaffolds
17.10.2.2.4 Gelatin hydrogels
17.10.2.3 Polysaccharide-based Systems
17.10.2.3.1 Cyclodextrins
17.10.2.3.2 Pectin
17.10.2.3.3 Dextran
17.10.2.3.4 Pullulan
17.10.2.4 Lipid-based Carriers
17.10.2.4.1 Liposomes from natural phospholipids
17.10.2.4.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles
17.10.2.4.3 Nanostructured lipid carriers
17.10.2.5 Plant-derived Materials
17.10.2.5.1 Guar gum
17.10.2.5.2 Carrageenan
17.10.2.5.3 Zein (corn protein)
17.10.2.5.4 Starch-based materials
17.10.2.6 Microbial-derived Polymers
17.10.2.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
17.10.2.6.2 Bacterial cellulose
17.10.2.6.3 Xanthan gum
17.10.2.7 Stimuli-responsive Biopolymers
17.10.2.7.1 pH-sensitive alginate derivatives
17.10.2.7.2 Thermoresponsive chitosan systems
17.10.2.7.3 Enzyme-responsive materials
17.10.2.8 Bioconjugation Techniques
17.10.2.8.1 Click chemistry for polymer modification
17.10.2.8.2 Enzyme-catalyzed conjugation
17.10.2.8.3 Photo-initiated crosslinking
17.10.2.9 Sustainable Particle Formation
17.10.2.9.1 Spray-drying with green solvents
17.10.2.9.2 Electrospinning of biopolymers
17.10.2.9.3 Supercritical fluid-assisted particle formation
17.10.3 Sustainable Medical Devices
17.10.4 Personalized Chemistry in Medicine
17.10.4.1 Tailored Drug Delivery Systems
17.10.4.2 Personalized Diagnostic Materials
17.10.4.3 Custom-synthesized Therapeutics
17.10.4.4 Biocompatible Materials for Implants
17.10.4.5 3D-printed Pharmaceuticals
17.10.4.6 Personalized Nutrient Formulations
17.10.5 Companies
17.11 Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
17.11.1 Bio-based 3D Printing Resins
17.11.2 Recyclable and Reusable 3D Printing Materials
17.11.3 Functional and Smart 3D Printing Materials
17.11.4 Companies
17.12 Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Design
17.12.1 Machine Learning for Molecular Design
17.12.2 AI-driven Retrosynthesis Planning
17.12.3 Predictive Modelling of Chemical Properties
17.12.4 AI in Process Optimization
17.12.5 Automated Lab Systems and Robotics
17.12.6 AI for Materials Discovery and Development
17.13 Quantum Chemistry Applications
17.13.1 Quantum Computing for Molecular Simulations
17.13.2 Quantum Sensors in Chemical Analysis
17.13.3 Quantum-inspired Algorithms for Property Prediction
17.13.4 Quantum Approaches to Catalyst Design
17.13.5 Quantum Chemistry in Drug Discovery
17.13.6 Quantum Effects in Nanomaterials
17.13.7 Companies

18 ECONOMIC ASPECTS AND BUSINESS MODELS
18.1 Cost Competitiveness of Sustainable Chemical Technologies
18.2 Investment Trends in Green Chemistry
18.3 New Business Models in the Circular Economy
18.4 Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences
18.5 Intellectual Property Considerations
18.6 Case Studies
18.6.1 Bio-based Production of Bulk Chemicals
18.6.2 CO2 to Polymers: Innovating in Materials
18.6.3 Waste Plastic to Fuels and Chemicals
18.6.4 Green Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
18.6.5 Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals
18.6.6 Circular Economy in Action: Closing the Loop in Packaging
18.6.7 Revolutionizing Textiles: From Petrochemicals to Bio-based Fibers

19 FUTURE OUTLOOK AND EMERGING TRENDS
19.1 Convergence of Bio, Nano, and Information Technologies
19.2 Quantum Computing in Chemical Research and Development
19.3 Space-based Manufacturing of Chemicals
19.4 Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Fuels
19.5 Personalized and On-demand Chemical Manufacturing
19.6 The Role of Chemistry in Achieving Net-Zero Emissions
19.7 Circular Economy Solutions
19.8 Artificial Intelligence and Digitalization Impact
19.9 Quantum Chemistry Prospects

20 APPENDICES
20.1 Glossary of Terms
20.2 List of Abbreviations
20.3 Research Methodology

21 REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Global drivers and trends in sustainable chemicals
Table 2. Role of Digitalization and Industry 4.0 in Sustainable Chemicals
Table 3. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in agriculture
Table 4. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Green Cosmetics and Personal Care
Table 5. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Sustainable Packaging
Table 6. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings
Table 7. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Alternative Fuels and Lubricants
Table 8. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare
Table 9. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Water Treatment and Purification
Table 10. Sustainable Chemicals and Materials in Carbon Capture and Utilization
Table 11. Types of sustainable chemicals and applications in Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
Table 12. Sustainable Mining and Metallurgy
Table 13. Comparison of traditional and sustainable chemical feedstocks
Table 14. Types of Biomass and Their Chemical Compositions
Table 15. Pretreatment and Conversion Technologies
Table 16. Challenges in Scaling Up Biomass Utilization
Table 17. Wood-based feedstocks
Table 18. Lignocellulosic Agricultural waste
Table 19. Energy crops
Table 20. Non-Lignocellulosic Agricultural Waste
Table 20. Algae based feedstocks
Table 21. CO2 Capture Technologies
Table 22. Chemical Conversion Pathways for CO
Table 23. Economic and Technical Barriers to CO2 Utilization
Table 24. Industrial Waste Streams and By-products
Table 25. Electrolysis Technologies
Table 26. Feedstock Transition Pathways for Industry
Table 27. Types of biocatalysts
Table 28. Heterogeneous Catalysis Advancements
Table 29. Photocatalysis vs Electrocatalysis
Table 30. Feedstock-Specific Green Chemistry Approaches
Table 31. Applications of chemically recycled materials
Table 32. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies
Table 33. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies
Table 34. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 35. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 36. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 37. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned
Table 38. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 39. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies
Table 40. Summary of dissolution technologies
Table 41. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 42. Depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields
Table 43. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers. Table 44. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 45. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 46. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 47. Summary of aminolysis technologies
Table 48. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned)
Table 49. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 50. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling
Table 51. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Table 52. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Table 53. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling
Table 54. Key methods used in upcycling chemical waste
Table 55. Circular Business Models in the Chemical Sector
Table 56.Challenges and Opportunities
Table 57. Chemical recycling companies
Table 58. Methods of electrochemical synthesis
Table 59. P2X integration in chemical production
Table 60. AI and ML applications in the chemical industry
Table 61. Key components and applications of digital twins in chemical plant operations
Table 62. Key cybersecurity challenges in the digitalized chemical industry
Table 63. Types of advanced manufacturing technologies in the chemical industry
Table 64. Key Features of Microreactors and Process Intensification
Table 65. Advantages in Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals
Table 66. Challenges in Scale-up and Implementation
Table 67. Advantages of Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
Table 68. Challenges in Implementing Modular and Distributed Manufacturing
Table 69. Comparison of Direct Ink Writing and Reactive Printing
Table 70. Applications in Custom Synthesis and Formulation
Table 71. Components of Flexible and Adaptable Production Systems
Table 72. Feedstock-based Classification
Table 73. Platform-based Classification
Table 74. Product-based Classification
Table 75. Process Integration Strategies in Biorefineries
Table 76. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
Table 77. Algal Biorefinery Products
Table 78. Types of Cell Culture Systems
Table 79. Factors Affecting Cell Culture Performance
Table 80. Types of Fermentation Processes
Table 81. Factors Affecting Fermentation Performance
Table 82. Advances in Fermentation Technology
Table 83. Types of Purification Methods in Downstream Processing
Table 84. Factors Affecting Purification Performance
Table 85. Advances in Purification Technology
Table 86. Common formulation methods used in biomanufacturing
Table 87. Factors Affecting Formulation Performance
Table 88. Advances in Formulation Technology
Table 89. Factors Affecting Scale-up Performance in Biomanufacturing
Table 90. Scale-up Strategies in Biomanufacturing
Table 91. Factors Affecting Optimization Performance in Biomanufacturing
Table 92. Optimization Strategies in Biomanufacturing
Table 93. Types of Quality Control Tests in Biomanufacturing
Table 94.Factors Affecting Quality Control Performance in Biomanufacturing
Table 95. Factors Affecting Characterization Performance in Biomanufacturing
Table 96. Key fermentation parameters in batch vs continuous biomanufacturing processes
Table 97. Major microbial cell factories used in industrial biomanufacturing
Table 98. Comparison of Modes of Operation
Table 99. Host organisms commonly used in biomanufacturing
Table 100. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
Table 101. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
Table 102. Carbon utilization business models
Table 103. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 104. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
Table 105. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 106. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 107. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 108. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 109. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
Table 110. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
Table 111. Comparison of emerging CO΍ utilization applications
Table 112. Main routes to CO΍-fuels
Table 113. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 114. Main routes to CO΍ -fuels
Table 115. Power-to-Methane projects
Table 116. Microalgae products and prices
Table 117. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 118. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 119. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
Table 120. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
Table 121. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 122. Prefabricated versus ready-mixed concrete markets 
Table 123. CO΍ utilization business models in building materials
Table 124. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
Table 125. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 126. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
Table 127. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
Table 128. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges
Table 129. Comparison of types of biocatalysts
Table 130. Types of Microorganism Biocatalysts
Table 131. Examples of fungal hosts
Table 132. Commonly used yeast hosts
Table 133. Common Algal Species Used in Biocatalysis and Their Applications
Table 134. Common Cyanobacterial Species Used in Biocatalysis and Their Applications
Table 135. Comparison of Algae and Cyanobacteria in Biocatalysis
Table 136. Types of Engineered Biocatalysts
Table 137. Types of Detergent Enzymes
Table 138.Types of Food Processing Enzymes
Table 139. Types of Textile Processing Enzymes
Table 140. Types of Paper and Pulp Processing Enzymes
Table 141. Types of Leather Processing Enzymes
Table 142. Types of Biofuel Production Enzymes
Table 143. Types of Animal Feed Enzymes
Table 144. Types of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Enzymes
Table 145. Types of Waste Management and Bioremediation Enzymes
Table 146. Types of Agriculture and Crop Improvement Enzymes
Table 147. Comparison of enzyme types
Table 148. Other Types of Biocatalysts
Table 149. Production methods for biocatalysts
Table 150. Fermentation processes
Table 151. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 152. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 153. Comparison of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis Systems
Table 154. Key biomanufacturing processes utilized in synthetic biology
Table 155. Molecules produced through industrial biomanufacturing
Table 156. Continuous vs batch biomanufacturing
Table 157. Key fermentation parameters in batch vs continuous biomanufacturing processes
Table 158. Synthetic biology fermentation processes
Table 159. Cell-free versus cell-based systems
Table 160. Key applications of genome engineering
Table 161. Comparison of Immobilization and Encapsulation Techniques
Table 162. Types of Nanoparticle Biocatalysts
Table 163. Types of Biocatalytic Cascades and Multi-Enzyme Systems
Table 164. Key aspects of microfluidics in biocatalysts
Table 165. Companies developing biocatalysts
Table 166. Key tools and techniques used in metabolic engineering for pathway optimization
Table 167. Key applications of metabolic engineering
Table 168. Main DNA synthesis technologies
Table 169. Main gene assembly methods
Table 170. Key applications of genome engineering
Table 171. Engineered proteins in industrial applications
Table 172.Key computational tools and their applications in synthetic biology
Table 173. Feedstocks for synthetic biology
Table 174. Products from C1 feedstocks in white biotechnology
Table 175. C2 Feedstock Products
Table 176. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 177. Common starch sources that can be used as feedstocks for producing biochemicals
Table 178. Biomass processes summary, process description and TRL
Table 179. Pathways for hydrogen production from biomass
Table 180. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 181. Synthetic Biology Market Players
Table 182. Types of bio-based solvents
Table 183. Solvent Selection Tools and Frameworks
Table 184. Companies developing bio-based solvents
Table 185. MSW-to-chemicals processes
Table 186. Agricultural and food waste valorization approaches
Table 187. Value Proposition for Critical Material Extraction Technologies
Table 188. Critical Material Extraction Methods Evaluated by Key Performance Metrics
Table 189. Critical Rare-Earth Element Recovery Technologies from Secondary Sources
Table 190. Li-ion Battery Technology Metal Recovery Methods-Metal, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Environmental Impact, Economic Viability
Table 191. Critical Semiconductor Materials Recovery-Material, Primary Source, Recovery Method, Recovery Efficiency, Challenges, Potential Applications
Table 192. Critical Semiconductor Material Recovery from Secondary Sources
Table 193. Critical Platinum Group Metal Recovery
Table 194. Bio-based flocculants and coagulants
Table 195. Bio-based polymer membranes
Table 196. Ceramic membranes from recycled materials
Table 197. Types of Advanced adsorbents
Table 198. Nutrient recovery technologies
Table 199. Resource recovery processes:
Table 200. Types of bioelectrochemical systems
Table 201. Types of green solvents used in extraction processes
Table 202. Types of biodegradable chelating agents
Table 203. Types of biocatalysts used in wastewater treatment
Table 204. Types of advanced adsorption materials
Table 205. Types of sustainable pH adjustment chemicals
Table 206. Green Lixiviants for Metal Extraction
Table 207. Sustainable Flotation Chemicals
Table 208. Electrochemical Recovery Methods
Table 209. Geopolymers and Mine Tailings Utilization
Table 210. Sustainable remediation technologies 
Table 211. Waste-to-energy technologies 
Table 212. Advanced separation techniques 
Table 213. Companies in waste valorization and resource recovery
Table 214. Energy Efficiency Measures in Chemical Plants
Table 215. Renewable Energy Sources in Chemical Production
Table 216. Energy Storage Technologies for Process Industries
Table 217. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Systems
Table 218. Green Chemistry Metrics and Sustainability Indicators
Table 219. Key principles of Safety by Design
Table 220. Key steps in risk assessment for new chemical technologies
Table 221. Key components of EIA for chemical processes
Table 222. Environmental Policies Driving Sustainable Chemistry
Table 223. Incentives and Support Mechanisms for Green Chemistry
Table 224. Challenges in Regulating Emerging Technologies
Table 225. International Cooperation and Harmonization Efforts
Table 226. LDPE film versus PLA, 2019±24 (USD/tonne)
Table 227. PLA properties
Table 228. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
Table 229. Market overview for cellulose microfibers (microfibrillated cellulose) in paperboard and packaging-market age, key benefits, applications and producers
Table 230. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC)
Table 231. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in packaging
Table 232. Applications of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Packaging
Table 233. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 234. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 235. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
Table 236. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 237. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 238. Commercial Examples of Chitosan-based Films and Coatings and Companies
Table 239. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
Table 240. Bio-naphtha market value chain
Table 241. Commercial Examples of Bio-Naphtha Packaging and Companies
Table 242. Bioplastics and biodegradable polymers market players
Table 243. Biopesticides and Biocontrol Agents
Table 244. Types of Controlled Release Fertilizers
Table 245. Common Natural Product Biostimulants and Their Modes of Action
Table 246. Commercially available microbial bioinsecticides
Table 247. Common Biochemicals Used in Agriculture
Table 248. Types of Biopesticides
Table 249. Sustainable Agriculture Chemicals Market Players
Table 250. Established bio-based construction materials
Table 251. Types of self-healing concrete
Table 252. Types of biobased aerogels
Table 253. Sustainable Construction Materials Market Players
Table 254. Pros and cons of different type of food packaging materials
Table 255. Active Biodegradable Films films and their food applications
Table 256. Intelligent Biodegradable Films
Table 257. Edible films and coatings market summary
Table 258. Types of polyols
Table 259. Polyol producers
Table 260. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 261. Bio-based acrylate resin products
Table 262. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
Table 263. Commercially available PHAs
Table 264. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
Table 265. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings
Table 266. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
Table 267. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 268. CO2 utilization products developed by chemical and plastic producers
Table 269. Sustainable packaging market players
Table 270. Natural and Bio-based Ingredients
Table 271. Biodegradable polymers
Table 272. CNC properties
Table 273.Types of PHAs and properties
Table 274. Technical lignin types and applications
Table 275. Properties of lignins and their applications
Table 276. Production capacities of technical lignin producers
Table 277. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
Table 278. Examples of Waterless Formulations
Table 279. Green Cosmetics and Personal Care Market Players
Table 280. Example envinronmentally friendly coatings, advantages and disadvantages
Table 281. Plant Waxes
Table 282. Types of alkyd resins and properties
Table 283. Market summary for bio-based alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers
Table 284. Bio-based alkyd coating products
Table 285. Types of polyols
Table 286. Polyol producers
Table 287. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 288. Market summary for bio-based epoxy resins
Table 289. Bio-based polyurethane coating products
Table 290. Bio-based acrylate resin products
Table 291. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
Table 292. Market assessment for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings-application, key benefits and motivation for use, megatrends, market drivers, technology drawbacks, competing materials, material loading, main global paints and coatings OEMs
Table 293. Companies developing CNF products in paints and coatings, applications targeted and stage of commercialization
Table 294. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
Table 295. Overview of algal coatings-description, properties, application and market size
Table 296. Companies developing algal-based plastics
Table 297. Eco-friendly Paints and Coatings Market Players
Table 298. Examples of Biodegradable Electronic Materials and Applications
Table 299. Benefits of Green Electronics Manufacturing
Table 300. Challenges in adopting Green Electronics manufacturing
Table 301. Key areas where the PCB industry can improve sustainability
Table 302. Improving sustainability of PCB design
Table 303. PCB design options for sustainability
Table 304. Sustainability benefits and challenges associated with 3D printing
Table 305. Conductive ink producers
Table 306. Green and lead-free solder companies
Table 307. Biodegradable substrates for PCBs
Table 308. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 309. Application of lignin in composites
Table 310. Properties of lignins and their applications
Table 311. Properties of flexible electronicsͲcellulose nanofiber film (nanopaper)
Table 312. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers for electronics
Table 313. Commercially available PHAs
Table 314. Main limitations of the FR4 material system used for manufacturing printed circuit boards (PCBs)
Table 315. Halogen-free FR4 companies
Table 316. Properties of biobased PCBs
Table 317. Applications of flexible (bio) polyimide PCBs
Table 318. Main patterning and metallization steps in PCB fabrication and sustainable options
Table 319. Sustainability issues with conventional metallization processes
Table 320. Benefits of print-and-plate
Table 321. Sustainable alternative options to standard plating resists used in printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication
Table 322. Applications for laser induced forward transfer
Table 323. Copper versus silver inks in laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) for electronics fabrication
Table 324. Approaches for in-situ oxidation prevention
Table 325. Market readiness and maturity of different lead-free solders and electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) for electronics manufacturing
Table 326. Advantages of green electroless plating
Table 327. Comparison of component attachment materials
Table 328. Comparison between sustainable and conventional component attachment materials for printed circuit boards
Table 329. Comparison between the SMAs and SMPs
Table 330. Comparison of conductive biopolymers versus conventional materials for printed circuit board fabrication
Table 331. Comparison of curing and reflow processes used for attaching components in electronics assembly
Table 332. Low temperature solder alloys
Table 333. Thermally sensitive substrate materials
Table 334. Limitations of existing IC production
Table 335. Strategies for improving sustainability in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing
Table 336. Comparison of oxidation methods and level of sustainability
Table 337. Stage of commercialization for oxides
Table 338. Alternative doping techniques
Table 339. Metal content mg / Kg in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) from waste desktop computers
Table 340. Chemical recycling methods for handling electronic waste
Table 341. Electrochemical processes for recycling metals from electronic waste
Table 342. Thermal recycling processes for electronic waste
Table 343. Green Electronics Market Players
Table 344. Properties and applications of the main natural fibres
Table 345. Types of sustainable alternative leathers
Table 346. Properties of bio-based leathers
Table 347. Comparison with conventional leathers
Table 348. Price of commercially available sustainable alternative leather products
Table 349. Comparative analysis of sustainable alternative leathers
Table 350. Key processing steps involved in transforming plant fibers into leather materials
Table 351. Current and emerging plant-based leather products
Table 352. Companies developing plant-based leather products
Table 353. Overview of mycelium-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 354. Companies developing mycelium-based leather products
Table 355. Types of microbial-derived leather alternative
Table 356. Companies developing microbial leather products
Table 357. Companies developing plant-based leather products
Table 358. Types of protein-based leather alternatives
Table 359. Companies developing protein based leather
Table 360. Companies developing sustainable coatings and dyes for leather -
Table 361. Sustainable Textiles and Fibers Market Players
Table 362. Biodiesel by generation
Table 363. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 364. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 365. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 366. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 367. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel
Table 368. Main producers of HVO and capacities
Table 369. Example commercial Development of BtL processes
Table 370. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes
Table 371. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Table 372. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Table 373. Renewable diesel price ranges
Table 374. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel
Table 375. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel
Table 376. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities
Table 377. Global bio-jet fuel consumption 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
Table 378. Bio-based naphtha markets and applications
Table 379. Bio-naphtha market value chain
Table 380. Bio-naphtha pricing against petroleum-derived naphtha and related fuel products
Table 381. Bio-based Naphtha production capacities, by producer
Table 382. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 383. Processes in bioethanol production
Table 384. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic
Table 385. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres)
Table 386. Biogas feedstocks
Table 387. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants
Table 388. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas
Table 389. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
Table 390. Markets and applications for biohydrogen
Table 391. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 392. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 393. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 394. Overview of e-fuels
Table 395. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 396. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 397. E-fuels companies
Table 398. Algae-derived biofuel producers
Table 399. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
Table 400. Blue ammonia projects
Table 401. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 402. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 403. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 404. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 405. Main players in green ammonia
Table 406. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils
Table 407. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil
Table 408. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels
Table 409. Markets and applications for bio-oil
Table 410. Bio-oil producers
Table 411. Key resource recovery technologies
Table 412. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
Table 413. Bio-based lubricants
Table 414. Alternative Fuels and Lubricants Market Players
Table 415. Types of Green Solvents in Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Table 416. Catalysis Methods in Green Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Table 417. Alternative Energy Sources in Pharmaceutical Synthesis
Table 418. Green Oxidation and Reduction Methods
Table 419. Atom-Economical Reactions
Table 420. Bio-based Starting Materials
Table 421. Process Intensification Methods
Table 422. Green Analytical Techniques
Table 423. Sustainable Purification Methods
Table 424. Natural Polymers for Drug Delivery
Table 425. Protein-based Materials for Drug Delivery
Table 426. Polysaccharide-based Systems for Drug Delivery
Table 427. Lipid-based Carriers for Drug Delivery
Table 428. Plant-derived Materials for Drug Delivery
Table 429. Microbial-derived Polymers for Drug Delivery
Table 430. Green Synthesis Methods for Drug Delivery Systems
Table 431. Stimuli-responsive Biopolymers for Drug Delivery
Table 432. Bioconjugation Techniques for Drug Delivery Systems
Table 433. Sustainable Particle Formation Techniques for Drug Delivery
Table 434. Types of Sustainable Medical Devices
Table 435. Sustainable Healthcare and Biomedicine Market Players
Table 436. Types of Bio-based 3D Printing Resins
Table 437. Types of Recyclable and Reusable 3D Printing Materials
Table 438. Types of Functional and Smart 3D Printing Materials
Table 439. Advanced Materials for 3D Printing
Table 440. Companies in Quantum Chemistry Applications
Table 441. Cost Competitiveness of Sustainable Chemical Technologies
Table 442. Investment Trends in Green Chemistry
Table 443. Business Models in the Circular Economy
Table 444. Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences in Sustainable Chemistry
Table 445. Intellectual Property Considerations
Table 446. Companies developing quantum algorithms for chemical simulations
Table 447. Applications in space-based chemical manufacturing
Table 448. Artificial photosynthesis approaches
Table 449. Applications and benefits of personalized and on-demand chemical manufacturing
Table 450. Technologies for achieving Net-Zero
Table 451. Examples of circular economy solutions in the chemical industry
Table 452. Applications of AI and digitalization in chemicals
Table 453. Quantum chemistry applications
Table 454. Glossary of terms
Table 455. List of Abbreviations

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. CO2 emissions reduction pathway for the chemical sector
Figure 2. Water extraction methods for natural products
Figure 3. Circular economy model for the chemical industry
Figure 4. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant
Figure 5. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 6. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 7. Used tires conversion process
Figure 8. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas
Figure 9. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 10. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 11. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA
Figure 12. Siemens gPROMS Digital Twin schematic
Figure 13. Applications for CO2
Figure 14. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
Figure 15. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 16. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 17. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
Figure 18. Electrochemical CO΍ reduction products
Figure 19. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 20. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 21. Econic catalyst systems
Figure 22. Mineral carbonation processes
Figure 23. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 24. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 25. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 26. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV+EC) approaches for CO
Figure 27. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 28. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
Figure 29. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 30. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Figure 31. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 32. Carbon8 Systems¶ ACT process
Figure 33. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 34. Algal cultivation in the desert
Figure 35. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
Figure 36. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
Figure 37. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
Figure 38. Carbon mineralization pathways
Figure 39. Cell-free and cell-based protein synthesis systems
Figure 40. The design-make-test-learn loop of generative biology
Figure 41. CRISPR/Cas9 & Targeted Genome Editing
Figure 42. Genetic Circuit-Assisted Smart Microbial Engineering
Figure 43. Microbial Chassis Development for Natural Product Biosynthesis
Figure 44. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 45. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 46. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 47. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 48. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
Figure 49. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 50. TRL of critical material extraction technologies
Figure 51. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms
Figure 52. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
Figure 53. CNC slurry
Figure 54. CNF gel
Figure 55. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 56. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 57. Luum Temple, constructed from Bamboo
Figure 58. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 59. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 60. Self-healing concrete test study with cracked concrete (left) and self-healed concrete after 28 days (right)
Figure 61. Self-healing bacteria crack filler for concrete
Figure 62. Self-healing bio concrete
Figure 63. Microalgae based biocement masonry bloc
Figure 64. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application
Figure 65. Water soluble packaging by Notpla
Figure 66. Examples of edible films in food packaging
Figure 67. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 68. Applications for CO2
Figure 69. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 70. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 71. Schematic of production of powder coatings
Figure 72. Organization and morphology of cellulose synthesizing terminal complexes (TCs) in different organisms
Figure 73. Types of bio-based materials used for antimicrobial food packaging application
Figure 74. Vapor degreasing
Figure 75. Multi-layered PCB
Figure 76. 3D printed PCB
Figure 77. In-mold electronics prototype devices and products
Figure 78. Silver nanocomposite ink after sintering and resin bonding of discrete electronic components
Figure 79. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 80. Flexible electronic substrate made from CNF
Figure 81. CNF composite
Figure 82. Oji CNF transparent sheets
Figure 83. Electronic components using cellulose nanofibers as insulating materials
Figure 84. Dell's Concept Luna laptop
Figure 85. Direct-write, precision dispensing, and 3D printing platform for 3D printed electronics
Figure 86. 3D printed circuit boards from Nano Dimension
Figure 87. Photonic sintering
Figure 88. Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)
Figure 89. Material jetting 3d printing
Figure 90. Material jetting 3d printing product
Figure 91. The molecular mechanism of the shape memory effect under different stimuli
Figure 92. Supercooled SolderingΠTechnology
Figure 93. Reflow soldering schematic
Figure 94. Schematic diagram of induction heating reflow
Figure 95. Fully-printed organic thin-film transistors and circuitry on one-micron-thick polymer films
Figure 96. Types of PCBs after dismantling waste computers and monitors
Figure 97. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
Figure 98. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials
Figure 99. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 100. HermËs bag made of MycoWorks' mycelium leather
Figure 101. Ganni blazer made from bacterial cellulose
Figure 102. Bou Bag by GANNI and Modern Synthesis
Figure 103. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres)
Figure 104. Flow chart for biodiesel production
Figure 105. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre
Figure 106. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Figure 107. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel
Figure 108. Global renewable diesel consumption, 2010-2035 (M litres/year)
Figure 109. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel
Figure 110. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2019-2035 (Million litres/year)
Figure 111. SWOT analysis for bio-naphtha
Figure 112. Bio-based naphtha production capacities, 2018-2035 (tonnes)
Figure 113. SWOT analysis biomethanol
Figure 114. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 115. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 116. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 117. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 118. SWOT analysis for ethanol
Figure 119. Ethanol consumption 2010-2035 (million litres)
Figure 120. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
Figure 121. Biobutanol production route
Figure 122. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 123. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 124. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 125. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
Figure 126. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production
Figure 127. SWOT analysis for biogas
Figure 128. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 129. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen
Figure 130. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 131. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 132. Used tires conversion process
Figure 133. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas
Figure 134. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 135. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 136. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 137. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 138. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 139. E-liquids production routes
Figure 140. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 141. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 142. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels
Figure 143. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production
Figure 144. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 145. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 146. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 147. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 148. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 149. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques

• Aanika Biosciences
• ACCUREC-Recycling GmbH
• Aduro Clean Technologies
• Aemetis
• Afyren
• Agra Energy
• Agilyx
• Air Company
• Aircela
• Algenol
• Allozymes
• Alpha Biofuels
• AM Green
• Amyris
• Anellotech
• Andritz
• APChemi
• Apeiron Bioenergy
• Aperam BioEnergia
• Applied Research Associates (ARA)
• Aralez Bio
• Arcadia eFuels
• Ascend Elements
• ASB Biodiesel
• Atmonia
• Avalon BioEnergy
• Avantium
• Avioxx
• BANiQL
• BASF
• BBCA Biochemical & GALACTIC Lactic Acid
• BBGI
• BDI-BioEnergy International
• BEE Biofuel
• Benefuel
• Bio2Oil
• BioBTX
• Bio-Oils
• Biofibre GmbH
• Bioform Technologies
• Biofine Technology
• Biofy
• BiogasClean
• Biolive
• BIOD Energy
• Biojet
• Biokemik
• BIOLO
• BioLogiQ Inc.
• Biome Bioplastics
• Biomass Resin Holdings Co. Ltd.
• Biomatter
• BIO-FED
• BIO-LUTIONS International AG
• Bioplastech Ltd
• BioSmart Nano
• BIOTEC GmbH & Co. KG
• Biovectra
• Biovox GmbH
• BlockTexx Pty Ltd.
• Bloom Biorenewables
• Blue BioFuels
• Blue Ocean Closures
• BlueAlp Technology
• Bluepha Beijing Lanjing Microbiology Technology Co. Ltd.
• BOBST
• Borealis AG
• Braskem
• Braven Environmental
• Brightmark Energy
• Brightplus Oy
• bse Methanol
• BTG Bioliquids
• Bucha Bio
• Business Innovation Partners Co. Ltd.
• Buyo
• Byogy Renewables
• C1 Green Chemicals
• Caphenia
• Carbiolice
• Carbios
• Carbonade
• CarbonBridge
• Carbon Collect
• Carbon Engineering
• Carbon Infinity
• Carbon Neutral Fuels
• Carbon Recycling International
• Carbon Sink
• Carbyon
• Cardia Bioplastics Ltd.
• CARAPAC Company
• Cargill
• Cascade Biocatalysts
• Cass Materials Pty Ltd
• Cassandra Oil
• Casterra Ag
• Celanese Corporation
• Celtic Renewables
• Cellugy
• CelluForce
• Cellutech AB (Stora Enso)
• Cereal Process Technologies (CPT)
• CERT Systems
• CF Industries Holdings
• Chaincraft
• Chemkey Advanced Materials Technology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.
• Chemol Company (Seydel)
• Chempolis
• Chitose Bio Evolution
• Chiyoda
• Circla Nordic
• Cirba Solutions
• CJ Biomaterials Inc.
• CleanJoule
• Climeworks
• Coastgrass ApS
• CNF Biofuel
• Concord Blue Engineering
• Constructive Bio
• Cool Planet Energy Systems
• Corumat Inc.
• Corsair Group International
• Coval Energy
• Crimson Renewable Energy
• Cruz Foam
• Cryotech
• CuanTec Ltd.
• Cyclic Materials
• C-Zero
• Daicel Polymer Ltd.
• Daio Paper Corporation
• Danimer Scientific
• D-CRBN
• Debut Biotechnology
• DIC Corporation
• DIC Products Inc.
• Diamond Green Diesel
• Dimensional Energy
• Dioxide Materials
• Dioxycle
• DKS Co. Ltd.
• Domsjö Fabriker
• Dow Inc.
• DuFor Resins B.V.
• DuPont
• Earthodic Pty Ltd.
• EarthForm
• EcoCeres
• Eco Environmental
• Eco Fuel Technology
• Ecomann Biotechnology Co.
• Ltd.
• Ecoshell
• Electro-Active Technologies
• Eligo Bioscience
• Enim
• Enginzyme AB
• Enzymit
• Erebagen
• EV Biotech
• eversyn
• Evolutor
• FabricNano
• FlexSea
• Floreon
• Gevo
• Ginkgo Bioworks
• Heraeus Remloy
• HyProMag
• Hyfé
• Industrial Microbes
• Invizyne Technologies
• JPM Silicon GmbH
• LanzaTech
• Librec AG
• Lygos
• MagREEsource
• Mammoth Biosciences
• MetaCycler BioInnovations
• Mi Terro
• NeoMetals
• New Energy Blue
• Noveon Magnetics
• Novozymes A/S
• NTx
• Origin Materials
• Ourobio
• OxFA
• PeelPioneers
• Phoenix Tailings
• PlantSwitch
• Posco
• Pow.bio
• Protein Evolution
• PeelPioneers
• Re:Chemistry
• REEtec
• Rivalia Chemical
• Samsara Eco
• SiTration
• Solugen
• Sonichem
• Straw Innovations
• Sumitomo and Summit Nanotech
• Synthego
• Taiwan Bio-Manufacturing Corp. (TBMC)
• Teijin Limited
• Twist Bioscience
• Uluu
• Van Heron Labs
• Verde Bioresins
• Versalis
• Xampla

Methodology