Probiotic Dairy Products, 2nd Edition
The updated guide to the most current research and developments in probiotic dairy products
The thoroughly revised and updated second edition of Probiotic Dairy Products reviews the recent advancements in the dairy industry and includes the latest scientific developments in regard to the 'functional' aspects of dairy and fermented milk products and their ingredients. Since the publication of the first edition of this text, there have been incredible advances in the knowledge and understanding of the human microbiota, mainly due to the development and use of new molecular analysis techniques.
This new edition includes information on the newest developments in the field. It offers information on the new ‘omic’ technologies that have been used to detect and analyse all the genes, proteins and metabolites of individuals’ gut microbiota. The text also includes a description of the history of probiotics and explores the origins of probiotic products and the early pioneers in this field. Other chapters in this resource provide valuable updates on genomic analysis of probiotic strains and aspects of probiotic products’ production and quality control. This important resource:
- Offers a completely revised and updated edition to the text that covers the topic of probiotic dairy products
- Contains 4 brand new chapters on the following topics: the history of probiotics, prebiotic components, probiotic research, and the production of vitamins, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and bacteriocins
- Features a new co-editor and a host of new contributors, that offer the latest research findings and expertise
- Is the latest title in Wiley's Society of Dairy Technology Technical Series
Probiotic Dairy Products is an essential resource for dairy scientists, dairy technologists and nutritionists. The text includes the results of the most reliable research in field and offers informed views on the future of, and barriers to, the progress for probiotic dairy products.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xi
Preface to the Technical Series, Second Edition xv
Preface to the Technical Series, First Edition xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xix
Preface to the First Edition xxi
1 Microbiota of the Human Gut 1
H.B. Ghoddusi and L.V. Thomas
1.1 Background 1
1.2 The human GI tract and its microbiota 2
1.3 Functions of the GI microbiota 5
1.4 Influences on the GI tract and its microbiota 7
1.5 Conclusions 9
References 10
2 Probiotics: The First 10 000 Years 17
R. Levin
2.1 In the beginning 17
2.2 The intervention of science 19
2.3 A remarkable sequence of important discoveries 20
2.4 Could disinfection be the solution? 21
2.5 On the cusp of a major breakthrough 22
2.6 The urge for progress switches to the USA (1914–1931) 25
2.7 Meanwhile, in Europe 28
2.8 The ultimate breakthrough comes from Japan? 29
2.9 Conclusions 32
Acknowledgements 33
References 33
3 Genomic Characterisation of Starter Cultures and Probiotic Bacteria 37
G.E. Felis, S. Torriani, A.B. Florez and B. Mayo
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Genome sequencing and comparative genomics: insights into evolution and adaptation to dairy environments 40
3.2.1 Phylum Firmicutes 41
3.2.2 Phylum Actinobacteria 45
3.2.3 Other microÂ]organisms 46
3.3 Application of genome analysis to LAB and bifidobacteria 47
3.3.1 In silico safety assessment of LAB bifidobacteria 47
3.3.2 Unravelling LAB and bifidobacteria properties 51
3.4 Concluding remarks 56
References 57
4 Production and Maintaining Viability of Probiotic MicroÂ]organisms in Dairy Products 67
A.Y. Tamime, M. Saarela, M. Wszolek, H. Ghoddousi,
D.M. Linares and N.P. Shah
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Probiotic microÂ]organisms 68
4.2.1 General characteristics 68
4.2.2 Examples of commercial starter culture blends 69
4.3 Economic value 72
4.4 Unfermented probiotic milk 72
4.5 Probiotic fermented milks and beverages 75
4.5.1 Lactic acid fermentations 76
4.5.2 Yeast–lactic acid fermentations 90
4.5.3 Mould–lactic acid fermentations 93
4.5.4 Quality appraisal of probiotic fermented milks 93
4.6 Probiotic cheeses 95
4.6.1 Methods of introduction of probiotics in cheese 95
4.6.2 Probiotic strain selection for cheesemaking 96
4.6.3 Very hard and hard cheese varieties 99
4.6.4 SemiÂ]hard varieties 102
4.6.5 Brined cheeses 103
4.6.6 Soft cheeses 105
4.6.7 Pasta Filata cheeses 108
4.6.8 Miscellaneous cheeses 108
4.7 Probiotic ice cream, frozen desserts and frozen yoghurt 111
4.7.1 Background 111
4.7.2 Ice-cream 111
4.8 Dried probiotic dairy products 112
4.8.1 Introduction 112
4.8.2 Infant formula 113
4.8.3 DairyÂ]based dried products 114
4.9 Miscellaneous probiotic dairy products 115
4.9.1 FatÂ]based products 115
4.9.2 Long shelfÂ]life fermented milk drinks or beverages 115
4.9.3 MilkÂ] and waterÂ]based cereal puddings 116
4.9.4 Mousses, desserts and spreads 116
4.10 Viability of probiotic microÂ]organisms 117
4.10.1 Composition of the fermentation medium 118
4.10.2 Viability as affected by oxygen 119
4.11 Approaches to improve the viability of the probiotic microÂ]organisms in the product 120
4.11.1 Selection of bacterial strain(s) 120
4.11.2 Type of packaging container 120
4.11.3 Rate of inoculation 121
4.11.4 TwoÂ]stage fermentation 121
4.11.5 Microencapsulation technique 122
4.11.6 Supplementation of the milk with nutrients 122
4.11.7 The use of oxygen scavengers 124
4.11.8 The addition of cysteine 124
4.12 Future developments and overall conclusions 125
Acknowledgement 126
References 126
5 Current Legislation of Probiotic Products 165
M. Hickey
5.1 Introduction and background 165
5.2 The situation in Japan 168
5.2.1 Subsystems of FOSHU 170
5.2.2 Essential elements for obtaining FOSHU approval 172
5.2.3 Features of the new category of foods with function claims 175
5.2.4 Unique features of the Japanese FOSHU system 176
5.3 The legislative situation in the European Union 176
5.3.1 Relevant EU food safety legislation 176
5.3.2 Novel food regulation in the European Union 177
5.3.3 Genetically modified organisms 178
5.3.4 EU foodÂ]labelling provisions 178
5.3.5 EU nutrition and health claims 178
5.3.6 Types of health claims 179
5.4 The USA’s legislative situation on probiotics and related health claims 183
5.4.1 Claims and labelling in the USA 184
5.4.2 The role of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and legal challenges 187
5.5 The Canadian legislative situation regarding health claims and functional foods 189
5.5.1 Background 189
5.5.2 Health claims on foods in Canada 189
5.5.3 Probiotic claims 190
5.6 Health foods and functional foods in China 191
5.6.1 Introduction 191
5.6.2 Chinese legislative structures 192
5.6.3 The healthy (functional) foods sector in China and its regulation 192
5.6.4 Types of health claims in China and their approval 194
5.6.5 China’s probiotic market size and potential 194
5.7 Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) 196
5.7.1 Background 196
5.7.2 Acceptance of Codex standards and their role in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) 197
5.7.3 Codex and foodÂ]labelling claims 198
5.7.4 Codex standard for fermented milks 200
5.8 Some conclusions and possible future legislative prospects for probiotics 201
Acknowledgements 202
References 202
6 Enumeration and Identification of Mixed Probiotic and Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter Cultures 207
A.Č. Majhenic,̌ P.M. Lorbeg and P. Treven
6.1 Introduction 207
6.2 Classification 207
6.3 Phenotypic methods 208
6.3.1 Differential plating 208
6.3.2 Carbohydrate fermentationÂ]based methods 211
6.3.3 Spectroscopic methods 213
6.3.4 Fluorescence dyesÂ]based methods 216
6.4 Genetic methods 219
6.4.1 Polymerase chain reaction-based methods 219
6.4.2 DNA banding patternÂ]based methods 224
6.4.3 DNA sequencingÂ]based methods 230
6.4.4 Probe hybridisation methods 235
6.5 Conclusions 237
References 238
7 Prebiotic Ingredients in Probiotic Dairy Products 253
X. Wang and R.A. Rastall
7.1 Introduction 253
7.2 Criteria for an ingredient to be classified as a prebiotic 254
7.3 Health benefits of prebiotics and their mechanisms of action 254
7.3.1 ShortÂ]chain fatty acids and human metabolism 255
7.3.2 Mineral absorption 256
7.3.3 Energy intake and appetite regulation 256
7.3.4 Lipid metabolism 258
7.3.5 Immune function modulation of prebiotics 258
7.3.6 Colorectal cancer risk and prebiotics 259
7.3.7 Gut permeability 260
7.3.8 Colon motility and faecal bulking with application to constipation 261
7.4 InulinÂ]type fructans as prebiotics 261
7.4.1 Determination of inulinÂ]type fructans 262
7.4.2 Production of inulinÂ]type fructans 264
7.4.3 Physical and chemical characteristics of inulinÂ]type fructans and application in the food industry 264
7.4.4 Prebiotic effects of inulinÂ]type fructans 265
7.4.5 Health benefits of inulinÂ]type fructans 265
7.5 Galactooligosaccharides as prebiotics 267
7.5.1 Production and determination of galactooligosaccharides 269
7.5.2 Application of galactooligosaccharides in the food industry 269
7.5.3 The prebiotic effect of galactooligosaccharides 269
7.5.4 Infant nutrition and galactooligosaccharides 271
7.5.5 Health benefit of galactooligosaccharides 272
7.6 Resistant starch and other glucoseÂ]based nonÂ]digestible carbohydrates 276
7.7 Xylooligosaccharides 279
7.8 Other potential prebiotics candidates and summary 279
References 279
8 An Overview of Probiotic Research: Human and Mechanistic Studies 293
G. Zoumpopoulou, E. Tsakalidou and L.V. Thomas
8.1 Mechanisms underlying probiotic effects 293
8.1.1 Probiotic effects on the gut microbiota and its metabolites 294
8.1.2 Probiotic immune modulation 295
8.1.3 Probiotic effects on gut barrier function 296
8.1.4 Probiotics and the gut–brain axis 296
8.1.5 Probiotic mechanisms in the urogenital tract 297
8.1.6 Survival of the gut microbiota through the gut 297
8.2 Probiotic human studies: gastrointestinal conditions 297
8.2.1 Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 297
8.2.2 Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 302
8.2.3 Constipation 303
8.2.4 Diarrhoeal diseases 304
8.2.5 Paediatric conditions 306
8.3 Probiotic research: human studies investigating extraÂ]intestinal conditions 308
8.3.1 Common infectious diseases 309
8.3.2 Allergic diseases 310
8.3.3 Urogenital conditions 313
8.3.4 ObesityÂ]related disease 314
8.3.5 Liver disease 317
8.3.6 Cancer 318
8.3.7 Immune disorders: HIV 319
8.3.8 Trials investigating aspects of the gut–brain axis 320
8.4 Conclusions 321
References 321
9 Production of Vitamins, Exopolysaccharides and Bacteriocins by Probiotic Bacteria 359
D.M. Linares, G. Fitzgerald, C. Hill, C. Stanton and P. Ross
9.1 Introduction 359
9.2 Vitamin production by probiotic bacteria 359
9.2.1 Background 359
9.2.2 Folate 360
9.2.3 Vitamin B12 362
9.2.4 Riboflavin and thiamine 363
9.2.5 Vitamin K 364
9.3 Exopolysaccharides (EPS) production by probiotic bacteria 364
9.3.1 Introduction 364
9.3.2 Classification of exopolysaccharides 365
9.3.3 Health benefits of exopolysaccharides 365
9.4 Production of bacteriocins by probiotic cultures 368
9.4.1 Background 368
9.4.2 Production of antimicrobials as a probiotic trait 369
9.4.3 Classification of bacteriocins 369
9.4.4 Antimicrobial potential of Lactobacillus spp. 372
9.4.5 Antimicrobial potential of Bifidobacterium spp. 375
9.4.6 Other lactic acid bacteria species with antimicrobial potential 376
9.5 Overall conclusions 376
Acknowledgements 377
References 377
10 Future Development of Probiotic Dairy Products 389
M. Saarela
10.1 Developments in the probiotic field in the European Union (EU) 389
10.2 The current probiotic market and its trends 391
10.3 Recent developments in the probiotic research 392
10.4 Future target areas for research and conclusion 393
References 393
Index 395
