Using classification, diagrams and crystallography elements, we describe in this book the bonds in the crystals using the basic patterns. The use of various criteria such as ionicity character of the bonds, the use of hard sphere models, the Pauling rules and the spatial availability of ions all together make it possible to better understand the spatial organization of typical crystals. Through original representations, the structure and the nature of the bonds in binary crystals of MX- and MX2- types as well as the ternary crystals of the perovskite and spinel type are studied.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xi
Chapter 1. Knowledge of the Periodic Table 1
1.1. Presentation of the periodic table 1
1.2. Construction of the periodic table 2
1.2.1. History 2
1.2.2. Structuring of the periodic table 10
1.2.3. Analysis of various classifications 14
1.2.4. Abundance of elements 19
1.3. Reading the classification 24
1.3.1. Atomic radius 25
1.3.2. Electronegativity 28
1.3.3. Ionization potential 31
1.3.4. Electron binding energy 34
1.4. Understanding ions through the classification 37
1.4.1. The nature and valence of ions through the classification 37
1.4.2. Radius of ions through the classification 41
1.4.3. Polarizability 44
1.4.4. The radii of ions in solids 46
Chapter 2. Knowledge of Metallic Crystals 53
2.1. Properties of metals 53
2.1.1. Characteristics of the metallic bond 54
2.1.2. Conductivity and the melting temperature of elements 56
2.2. Study of packing in metals 59
2.2.1. Formation of planar packing 60
2.2.2. Crystal formation 62
2.2.3. Counting atoms in a unit cell 68
2.2.4. Packing density 71
2.2.5. Designation of planes in a crystal 73
2.2.6. Surface density 76
2.3. Representation of metallic crystals 81
2.3.1. Definition of the unit cell 81
2.3.2. Geometry of simple polyhedrons 96
2.3.3. The sites 100
2.4. Packings and diagrams 103
2.4.1. Reading the diagrams 105
2.4.2. Solid solutions 109
2.4.3. Intermetallic compounds 112
2.4.4. Simple phase diagrams 113
Chapter 3. Knowledge of Ionic Crystals 125
3.1. Description of ionic to covalent crystals 125
3.2. Pauling’s rules 129
3.2.1. The ionic character of a bond according to Pauling 130
3.2.2. Pauling’s first rule: coordinated polyhedra 133
3.2.3. Pauling’s second rule: electrostatic valence principle 141
3.2.4. Pauling’s third rule: connections of polyhedra 144
3.2.5. Pauling’s fourth rule: separation of cations 146
3.2.6. Pauling’s fifth rule: homogeneity of the environment 147
3.2.7. Presentation of criteria employed 147
3.3. Geometry of binary crystals of MXn type 149
3.3.1. Presentation of the mentioned compounds 149
3.3.2. Study of cesium chloride 151
3.3.3. Study of sodium chloride 159
3.3.4. Study of zinc sulfide (sphalerite) 171
3.3.5. Study of zinc sulfide (wurtzite) 178
3.3.6. Study of nickel arsenide 185
3.4. Geometry of binary crystals of MX2 type 191
3.4.1. Study of calcium fluoride 191
3.4.2. Study of lithium oxide 196
3.4.3. Study of rutile 199
3.4.4. Study of cadmium iodide 206
3.4.5. Study of cadmium chloride 212
3.5. Review of characteristics of binary structures 215
3.5.1. Crystalline characteristics 215
3.5.2. Characteristics of availability 216
3.5.3. Characteristics of the unit cells 217
3.5.4. Characteristics of the families of compounds 219
3.6. Geometry of ternary crystals of ABnOm type 221
3.6.1. Study of SrTiO3 perovskite 221
3.6.2. Study of MgAl2O4 spinel 227
Appendix 237
Bibliography 239
Index 255
