Sustainable development is a very prevalent concept of modern society. This concept has appeared as a critical force in combining a special focus on development and growth by maintaining a balance of using human resources and the ecosystem in which we are living. The development of new and advanced materials is one of the powerful examples in establishing this concept. Green and sustainable advanced materials are the newly synthesized material or existing modified material having superior and special properties. These fulfil today’s growing demand for equipment, machines and devices with better quality for an extensive range of applications in various sectors such as paper, biomedical, textile, and much more.
Volume 2, provides chapters on the valorization of green and sustainable advanced materials from a biomedical perspective as well as the applications in textile technology, optoelectronics, energy materials systems, and the food and agriculture industry.
Table of Contents
Preface xvii
1 Green Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials - A Critical Overview and a Vision for the Future 1
Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 The Aim and Objective of This Study 2
1.3 The Need and the Rationale of This Study 3
1.4 Environmental and Green Sustainability 3
1.5 The Scientific Doctrine of Green Sustainability and Green Engineering 4
1.6 Scientific Vision and Scientific Doctrine of Nanotechnology 5
1.7 What Do You Mean by Advanced Materials? 5
1.8 The World of Advanced Materials Today 6
1.9 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Green Sustainability 6
1.10 The Challenges and Vision of Research Pursuit in Nanotechnology Today 10
1.11 Technological Vision and the Scientific Endeavour in Advanced Materials 11
1.12 The Vision of Energy and Environmental Sustainability 12
1.13 Global Water Shortage and the Challenges of Research and Development Initiatives 13
1.14 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Remediation 14
1.15 Water Purification Technologies and the World of Environmental Sustainability 15
1.16 Future Frontiers and Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts 16
1.17 Future Research Trends in Sustainability and Nanotechnology Applications 16
1.18 Summary, Conclusion and Scientific Perspectives 17
References 17
2 Valorization of Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials from a Biomed Perspective - Potential Applications 19
Muhammad Bilal, Tahir Rasheed, Abaid Ullah and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Multi-Functional Characteristics of Green and Sustainable Materials - Smart Polymers 20
2.3 Biomedical Potentialities of Biopolymers and/or Biopolymers-Based Constructs 24
2.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles - Biomedical Applications 25
2.5 BioMOFs: Metal-Organic Frameworks 28
2.6 Bioinspired MOFs - Biomedical Application and Prospects 29
2.7 Drug Delivery Perspectives of MOFs 31
2.8 MOF in Enantioseparation of Drug Racemates 31
2.9 Porous Covalent Organic Cages as Bio-Inspired Materials 33
2.10 pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications 34
2.11 Concluding Remarks 35
Conflict of Interest 38
Acknowledgements 38
References 38
3 Applications of Textile Materials Using Emerging Sources and Technology: A New Perspective 49
Pintu Pandit, Saptarshi Maiti, Gayatri T.N. and Aranya Mallick
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Synthesis, Forms, Properties and Applications of Graphene 52
3.2.1 Structure and Forms of Graphene 52
3.2.2 Synthesis and Production Methods of Graphene 53
3.2.3 Properties of Graphene 54
3.2.4 Applications of Graphene 55
3.2.4.1 Application of Graphene in Energy Storage, Optoelectronics, and Photovoltaic Cell 55
3.2.4.2 Application of Graphene in Ultrafiltration and Bioengineering 57
3.2.4.3 Application of Graphene in Textile Materials and Composites 57
3.3 Essential Role for Nanomaterials in Textiles 59
3.3.1 Developing and Processing Nanoengineered Textiles 60
3.3.2 Nanofiber Application Driven by Function-of-Form Paradigm 63
3.4 Types, Synthesis and Application of Dendrimers 65
3.4.1 Types of Dendrimers 66
3.4.2 Synthesis of Dendrimers (Divergent and Convergent Method) 67
3.4.3 Application of Dendrimers in Chemical Processing of Textile Materials 68
3.4.4 Application of Dendrimers in Medical Textiles 69
3.4.5 Application of Dendrimers in Effluent Treatment 70
3.5 Application of Plasma Technology in Textile Materials 71
3.6 Synthesis and Applications of Biopolymer-Based Absorbents 74
3.7 Conclusion 77
References 78
4 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials: Applications and Environmental Issues 85
Pooja Thakur, Kamal Kumar Bhardwaj and Reena Gupta
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 NPs and Nanodevices 87
4.3 Types of NPs 88
4.3.1 Carbon Based NPs 89
4.3.1.1 Fullerenes 89
4.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 90
4.3.1.3 Graphene Nanofoils 90
4.3.1.4 Carbon Nanofibres 91
4.3.1.5 Carbon Black 91
4.3.1.6 Carbon Nanofoams 92
4.3.2 Inorganic NPs 92
4.3.2.1 Metals 92
4.3.2.2 Metal Oxides 92
4.3.2.3 Quantum Dots 93
4.3.3 Organic NPs 94
4.3.3.1 Organic Polymers 94
4.3.3.2 Biologically Inspired NPs 94
4.4 Applications of NPs 94
4.4.1 Applications of Nanotechnology by Sectors of Activity 94
4.4.2 Nanotechnology Applications by NP Type 95
4.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and its Products 95
4.5.1 Potential Environmental Effects 100
4.5.2 Fate of NPs in the Environment 101
4.5.3 Positive Effects on Environment 104
4.5.4 Negative Effects on Environment 105
4.6 Conclusion 106
Acknowledgements 106
Conflict of Interests 107
References 107
5 Chitosan in Water Purification Technology 111
Ajith James Jose, Ann Mary Jacob, Manjusha K. C. and Jincymol Kappen
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Chitosan 112
5.3 Chitosan in Waste Water Treatment 115
5.3.1 Treatment of Agricultural Waste Water 115
5.3.2 Treatment of Textile Effluents 116
5.3.3 Household Drinking Water Treatment 117
5.4 Mechanism Behind the Waste Water Treatment by Chitosan 118
5.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 118
5.4.2 Removal of Bacteria 120
5.5 Conclusion 121
References 121
6 Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials - Environmental Applications 125
Swapnil Sharma, Vivek Dave, Kanika Verma and Jaya Dwivedi
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Application of Advanced Green Sustainable Materials in Sensing and Removal of Water Toxicants 126
6.2.1 Materials Used for Sensing and Removal of Dyes and Heavy Metals from Water 126
6.2.1.1 Dyes 126
6.2.1.2 Heavy Metal 127
6.2.1.3 Removal of Heavy Metal and Dye from Naturally Derived Bio-Sorbents 134
6.2.2 Removal of Microbial Pathogen from Water 137
6.2.3 Removal of Radioactive Pollutants from Water 146
6.3 Removal of Contaminants from Air 147
6.4 Application of Sustainable Material in Soil Remediation 148
Acknowledgement 149
References 149
7 Green and Sustainable Copper-Based Nanomaterials - An Environmental Perspective 159
Santosh Bahadur Singh
7.1 Introduction 160
7.2 Copper-Based Nanomaterials and its Sustainability 162
7.2.1 Metallic Copper Nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) 162
7.2.2 Copper Oxide (CuO)-Based NPs 163
7.2.3 Supported Copper Nanomaterials 164
7.2.4 Growth Mechanism of Copper Nanomaterials 165
7.3 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Catalysis: As a Tool for Environmental Cleaning 165
7.4 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation 166
7.5 Environmental Perspective of Copper Nanomaterials 169
7.6 Concluding Remarks 170
References 170
8 An Excellence Method on Starch-Based Materials: A Promising Stage for Environmental Application 177
Tanvir Arfin and Kamini Sonawane
8.1 History 177
8.2 Sources 178
8.2.1 Tubers or Roots 178
8.2.2 Corn 178
8.3 Physiochemical Properties 178
8.3.1 Characteristics of Starch Granules 178
8.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature and Birefringence 180
8.3.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity 181
8.3.4 Retrogradation and Gelatinization 181
8.3.5 Thermal and Rheological Properties 181
8.4 Starch Gelatinization Measurement 182
8.5 Processing of Starch 182
8.5.1 Surface Hydrolysis 182
8.5.2 Native Digestion 183
8.5.3 Hydrothermal Modification 183
8.6 Thermoplastic Starch 184
8.7 Resistant Starch 184
8.8 Starch Nanocrystals 184
8.9 Ionic Liquid 185
8.10 Enzyme Selection 185
8.11 Packing Configuration 186
8.12 Chemical Modification 186
8.12.1 Cross-Linking 188
8.12.2 Starch-Graft Copolymer 188
8.12.2.1 Graft with Vinyl Monomers 189
8.12.2.2 Graft with other Monomers 189
8.12.3 Esterification 190
8.12.3.1 Inorganic Starch Esters 190
8.12.3.2 Organic Starch Esters 190
8.12.4 Etherification 190
8.12.5 Dual Modification 191
8.12.6 Other Chemical Modification 191
8.12.6.1 Oxidation 192
8.12.6.2 Acid Modification 192
8.13 Starch-Based Materials 194
8.13.1 PLA Starch 194
8.13.2 Starch Alginate 194
8.13.3 PCL Starch 194
8.13.4 Chitosan Starch 195
8.13.5 Starch Clay 195
8.13.6 Starch and DMAEMA 196
8.13.7 Plasticized Starch(PLS)/Poly(Butylene Succinate Co-Butylene Adipate (PBSA) 196
8.13.8 Gelatin-OSA Starch 197
8.13.9 Chitin and Starch 197
8.13.10 Cashew Nut Shell (CNS) and Chitosan 197
8.14 Applications 198
8.14.1 Wound Dressing 198
8.14.2 Biomedical 198
8.14.3 Nanomaterial 199
8.14.4 Cancer 199
8.14.5 Starch Film 200
8.14.6 Gene Delivery 200
8.14.7 Transdermal Delivery 200
8.14.8 Resistive Switch Memory 201
8.14.9 Oral Drug Delivery 201
8.14.10 Waste Water Treatment 202
8.14.11 Heavy Metal Removal 202
8.14.12 Dry Removal 204
Acknowledgement 205
References 205
9 Synthesized Cu2Zn1-xCdxSnS4 Quinternary Alloys Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications 209
Y. Al-Douri and A. S. Ibraheam
9.1 Introduction 210
9.2 Experimental Process 211
9.3 Results and Discussion 213
9.4 Conclusions 219
References 221
10 Biochar Supercapacitors: Recent Developments in the Materials and Methods 223
S. Vivekanandhan
10.1 Introduction 224
10.1.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar 224
10.1.2 Traditional Uses of Biochar 225
10.1.2.1 Combustible Fuel 225
10.1.2.2 Soil Amendment 226
10.1.2.3 Carbon Sequestration 226
10.1.3 Biochar in Sustainable Bioeconomy 227
10.1.4 Value Added Utilization of Biochar 228
10.1.4.1 Catalysis 228
10.1.4.2 Polymer Composites 229
10.1.4.3 Environmental Remediation 229
10.1.4.4 Energy Storage and Conversion 230
10.2 Biochar Supercapacitors 230
10.2.1 Biochar Based Supercapacitor 231
10.2.1.1 Agricultural Residues 231
10.2.1.2 Industrial Crops 231
10.2.1.3 Industrial Co- Products and By-Products 232
10.2.1.4 Wood Biomasses 233
10.2.2 Capacitive Mechanism for Biochar 235
10.3 Biochar Modification Techniques for Capacitive Applications 237
10.3.1 Activation 237
10.3.1.1 Physical Techniques 237
10.3.1.2 Chemical Techniques 238
10.3.2 Metal, Metal Oxide and Metal Hydroxide Loading 239
10.3.3 Nitrogen and Sulphur Doping 240
10.4 Biochar Based Composite Materials for Supercapacitors Application 242
10.5 Conclusions 243
Acknowledgements 244
References 244
11 Nature and Technoenergy 251
Smita Kapoor, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta
11.1 Introduction 251
11.2 Concept of Sustainability 253
11.3 Materials Science and Energy 254
11.4 Green and Advanced Materials 256
11.5 Emerging Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials 261
11.6 Substrates and Encapsulates for Biodegradable and Biocompatible Electronics 262
11.7 Semi-Natural/Semi-Synthetic Substrates: Paper 262
11.8 Applications of Advanced Materials for Energy Applications 267
11.8.1 Optical Materials for Energy Applications 267
11.8.2 Lithium Ion Batteries 269
11.8.3 Polymer Solar Cells 270
11.8.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Application 272
11.8.5 Electrochemical Capacitor 273
11.8.6 Polymer Sulfur Composite Cathode Material 273
11.9 Conclusion 274
References 274
12 Biomedical Applications of Synthetic and Natural Biodegradable Polymers 281
Manpreet Kaur, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta
12.1 Introduction 282
12.2 Desired Properties of Polymers for Biomedical Applications 285
12.2.1 Super Hydrophobicity 285
12.2.2 Adhesion 286
12.2.3 Self-Healing 286
12.3 Natural Polymers 286
12.3.1 Collagen as a Biopolymer 287
12.3.2 Applications of Collagen 289
12.3.2.1 Collagen in Ophthalmology 289
12.3.2.2 Collagen in Wound and Burn Dressing 294
12.3.2.3 Collagen in Tissue Engineering 295
12.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan as Biopolymers 297
12.3.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan 298
12.3.4.1 Chitosan in Ophthalmology 298
12.3.4.2 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Dressings 298
12.3.4.3 Chitosan in Drug-Delivery Systems 299
12.4 Synthetic Polymers 301
12.4.1 Polyolefins 301
12.4.2 Poly (Tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) 301
12.4.3 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) 301
12.4.4 Silicone 302
12.4.5 Methacrylates 302
12.4.6 Polyesters 303
12.4.7 Polyethers 303
12.4.8 Polyamides 303
12.4.9 Polyurethanes 304
12.5 Conclusion 305
Acknowledgements 305
Conflicts of Interests 305
References 305
13 Efficiency of Transition Metals at Nanoscale - as Heterogeneous Catalysts 311
Heeralaxmi Jadon, Sushma Neeraj and Mohammad Kuddus
13.1 Introduction 312
13.2 Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalyst 313
13.3 Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalyst 315
13.4 Transition Metals 316
13.4.1 Common Properties of Transition Metals 316
13.5 Individual Properties of Different Transition Metals 319
13.5.1 Scandium (Sc) 319
13.5.2 Titanium (Ti) 320
13.5.3 Vanadium (V) 320
13.5.4 Chromium (Cr) 320
13.5.5 Manganese (Mn) 320
13.5.6 Iron (Fe) 320
13.5.7 Cobalt (Co) 321
13.5.8 Nickel (Ni) 321
13.5.9 Copper (Cu) 321
13.5.10 Zinc (Zn) 321
13.5.11 Yttrium (Y) 322
13.5.12 Zirconium (Zr) 322
13.5.13 Niobium (Nb) 322
13.5.14 Molybdenum (Mo) 323
13.5.15 Technetium (Tc) 323
13.5.16 Rhodium (Rh) 323
13.5.17 Palladium (Pd) 323
13.5.18 Silver (Ag) 324
13.5.19 Cadmium (Cd) 324
13.5.20 Lanthanum (La) 324
13.5.21 Hafnium (Hf) 325
13.5.22 Tantalum (Ta) 325
13.5.23 Tungsten (W) 325
13.5.24 Rhenium (Re) 325
13.5.25 Osmium (Os) 326
13.5.26 Iridium (Ir) 326
13.5.27 Platinum (Pt) 326
13.5.28 Gold (Au) 326
13.5.29 Mercury (Hg) 327
13.5.30 Actinium (Ac) 327
13.5.31 Rutherfordium (Rf) 327
13.5.32 Dubnium (Db) 327
13.5.33 Seaborgium (Sg) 327
13.5.34 Bohrium (Bh) 328
13.5.35 Hassium (Hs) 328
13.5.36 Meitnerium (Mt) 328
13.5.37 Roentgenium (Rg) 328
13.5.38 Copernicium (Cn) 329
13.6 Ability of Transitional Metals for Good Catalysts 329
13.7 Advantages of Catalyst at Nanoscale 330
13.8 Conclusion 337
References 337
14 Applications of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Food Industry 343
Ashitha Jose and Radhakrishnan E.K
14.1 Introduction 344
14.2 Nanotechnology and Agriculture 346
14.2.1 Precision Farming and Nanotechnology 348
14.2.2 Control Release Formulations 349
14.2.3 Nanoagrochemicals 349
14.2.4 Nanopesticides 352
14.2.5 Nanofungicides 353
14.2.6 Nanofertilizers 354
14.3 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 357
14.3.1 Food Packaging 359
14.3.2 Biodegradable Packaging 361
14.3.3 Antimicrobial Packaging 361
14.3.4 Antimicrobial Sachets 366
14.3.5 Nanocomposites and Bioactive Compounds 366
14.3.6 Nanosensors 367
14.3.7 Detection of Microorganisms 368
14.3.8 Smart Packaging 368
14.4 Toxicity Concerns Involved with Nanotechnology 368
References 369
Index 377
