The most comprehensive and thorough reference work available for petroleum engineers of all levels.
Finally, there is a one-stop reference book for the petroleum engineer which offers practical, easy-to-understand responses to complicated technical questions. This is a must-have for any engineer or non-engineer working in the petroleum industry, anyone studying petroleum engineering, or any reference library. Written by one of the most well-known and prolific petroleum engineering writers who has ever lived, this modern classic is sure to become a staple of any engineer's library and a handy reference in the field.
Whether open on your desk, on the hood of your truck at the well, or on an offshore platform, this is the only book available that covers the petroleum engineer's rules of thumb that have been compiled over decades. Some of these "rules," until now, have been "unspoken but everyone knows," while others are meant to help guide the engineer through some of the more recent breakthroughs in the industry's technology, such as hydraulic fracturing and enhanced oil recovery.
The book covers every aspect of crude oil, natural gas, refining, recovery, and any other area of petroleum engineering that is useful for the engineer to know or to be able to refer to, offering practical solutions to everyday engineering problems and a comprehensive reference work that will stand the test of time and provide aid to its readers. If there is only one reference work you buy in petroleum engineering, this is it.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
About the Author xxi
Abrasion 1
Absorption 3
Acid Gas Removal 5
Acid Gas Scrubbing 9
Acid Number 11
Acid Rain 13
Acid-Base Catalysts 15
Acidity and Alkalinity 17
Acidizing 19
Adsorption 21
Adsorption Isotherm 23
Adulteration 25
Air Emissions 27
Alcohol Blended Fuels 29
Alcohols 31
Alicyclic Hydrocarbons 33
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 35
Alloys – Composition 37
Amine Absorber 39
Amine Condenser 41
Amine Washing 43
Ammonia 45
Aniline Point 47
Anticline 49
Antoine Equation 51
API Gravity 53
Aromatic Hydrocarbons 59
Asphalt Manufacture 61
Asphaltene Constituents 63
Associated Natural Gas 65
Atmospheric Equivalent Boiling Point 67
Auto-ignition Temperature 69
Barrel 71
Baumé Gravity 73
Benchmark Crude Oil 75
Bernoulli’s Principle 77
Biomass and Biofuels 79
Bitumen 83
Bituminous Rock and Bituminous Sand 85
Black Acids 87
Black Oil 89
Blending and Mixing 91
Boiling Point and Boiling Range 95
Brine 97
Bubble Point and Bubble Point Pressure 99
Bureau of Mines Correlation Index 101
Calorific Value 103
Capillary Forces 105
Capillary Number 107
Capillary Pressure 109
Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide 111
Carbon Number and Possible Isomers 113
Carbonate Reservoir 115
Carbonate Washing and Water Washing 117
Catalyst Pore Diameter 119
Catalytic Materials 121
Catalytic Reforming 123
Cementation Value 125
Cetane Index 127
Characterization Factor 129
Chemical Reaction Rates 131
Chemicals Reactive with Water 133
Chemometrics 135
Clausius Equation and Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 137
Coal – General Properties 139
Coke Yield from Conradson Carbon 141
Common Acronyms 143
Common Names of Selected Chemical Compounds 145
Common Unit Conversions 147
Commonly Used Constants 149
Compressibility 151
Coning 153
Conversion Charts 155
Conversion Factors 157
Correlation Index 163
Corrosion 165
Corrosion – Fuel Ash 167
Corrosion – Naphthenic Acid 169
Cricondenbar 171
Cricondentherm 173
Critical Properties 175
Critical Temperatures of Gases 177
Crude Oil – Assay 179
Crude Oil – Classification 181
Crude Oil – Desalting 183
Crude Oil – Distillation 185
Crude Oil – Fractional Composition 187
Crude Oil – Hydrotreating 189
Crude Oil – Molecular Composition 191
Crude Oil – Primary Recovery 193
Crude Oil – Recovery 195
Crude Oil – Refining 197
Crude Oil – Residua 201
Crude Oil – Sampling and Analysis 203
Crude Oil – Secondary Recovery 205
Crude Oil – Tertiary Recovery 207
Crude Oil from Tight Formations 209
Darcy and Non-Darcy Flow in Porous Media 211
Darcy’s Law 213
Decimal Multipliers for SI Prefixes 215
Decline Curve Evaluation 217
Delivery Point 219
Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity 221
Density-Boiling Point Constant 223
Determining Depreciation 225
Dew Point Temperature and Pressure 227
Dielectric Constant 229
Dielectric Loss and Power Factor 231
Diesel Index 233
Dipole Moment 235
Distillation 237
Distillation – Flooding 239
Distillation – Gap-Overlap 241
Drilling Fluid 243
Drilling Fluid Additives 245
E85 Fuel 247
Embrittlement 249
Embrittlement – Hydrogen 251
Emulsion 253
Enhanced Oil Recovery 255
Environmental Regulations 259
Evaporation 261
Expansion and Contraction of Solids 263
Explosive Limits 265
Fire Point 267
Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry 269
Flammability and Flammability Limits 271
Flash Point 273
Flow Through Porous Media 275
Fluid Catalytic Cracking – Chemistry 277
Fluid Flow Fundamentals 279
Fluid Flow Through Permeable Media 281
Fluid Flow 289
Fluid Saturation 291
Foamy Oil 293
Formation Volume Factor 295
Fouling 297
Fracturing Fluids 299
Fuel Oil 303
Functional Groups 305
Fundamental Physical Constants 309
Gas Deviation Factor 311
Gas Formation Volume Factor 313
Gas Laws 315
Gas Processing – Hydrogen Sulfide Conversion 319
Gas Processing – Metal Oxide Processes 321
Gas Processing – Olamine Processes 323
Gas Processing – Sweetening 325
Gas Processing – Absorption and Adsorption Processes 327
Gas Processing – Acid Gas Removal 329
Gas Processing – Carbonate and Water Washing Processes 331
Gas Processing – Catalytic Oxidation Processes 333
Gas Processing - Fractionation 335
Gas Processing – Gas-Oil Separation 337
Gas Processing – Liquids Removal 339
Gas Processing – Metal Oxide Processes 341
Gas Processing – Methanol-Based Processes 343
Gas Processing – Molecular Sieve Processes 345
Gas Processing – Nitrogen Removal 347
Gas Processing – Physical Solvent Processes 349
Gas Processing – Plant Schematic and Products 351
Gas Processing – Processes and Process Selection 353
Gas Processing – Water Removal 361
Gas Solubility 363
Gas-Condensate Reservoirs 365
Gaseous Fuels 367
Gaseous Hydrocarbons – General Properties 369
Gasification – Chemistry 371
Gasification – Refinery Resids 373
Gas-Liquid Solubility 375
Gas-Oil Ratio 377
Gas-Oil Separation 379
Gasoline – Component Streams 381
Gas-to-Liquids 383
Geological Time Scale 385
Geothermal Gradient 387
Glycol 389
Grease 391
Greek Alphabet 393
Hazardous Chemicals 395
Hazardous Waste 399
Heat Capacity 401
Heat Content of Petroleum Products 403
Heat Exchangers 405
Heat of Combustion of Petroleum Fuels 407
Heat of Combustion of Petroleum Fuels 409
Heat Transfer Coefficient 411
Heat Transfer – Convection and Conduction 413
Heating Value 415
Heavy Feedstock Conversion – Thermal Processes 417
Heterogeneity 419
Heterogeneous Catalysis and Homogeneous Catalysis 421
High-Acid Crudes 423
Hydrate Formation and Prevention 425
Hydraulic Fracturing 427
Hydrocarbon Gases – Physical Constants 429
Hydroconversion 431
Hydrogen Chloride 433
Hydrogen in Refineries 435
Hydrogen Sulfide Conversion 437
Hydrogen Sulfide 439
Hydrogen 441
Hydrostatic Pressure 443
Ideal Gas 445
Improved Oil Recovery Processes 447
Incompatible Chemicals 449
Ionic Liquids 451
Isothermal Compressibility of Oil 453
Kinematic Viscosity 455
Liquefied Petroleum Gas 457
Liquid-Gas Separators 459
Lubricants – Classification 461
Lubricating Oil – Base Stock 463
M85 465
Marx-Langenheim Model 467
Material Balance 469
Mean Density – Gas-Air Mixture 471
Mean Density – Gas-Air Mixture 473
Metals Content and FCC Coke Production 475
Methane 477
Molecular Weight of Petroleum Fractions 479
Naphthenic Acids – Corrosion in Distillation Units 481
Naphthenic Acids – Mitigating Corrosion 483
Naphthenic Acids 485
Natural Gas - Associated 487
Natural Gas – Composition 489
Natural Gas – Compressibility 493
Natural Gas – Measurement 495
Natural Gas – Nonassociated 497
Natural Gas – Properties 499
Natural Gas – Specific Gravity 505
Natural Gas – Phase Behavior 507
Natural Gas – Sweetening 509
Natural Gasoline 511
Nitrogen and Nitrogen Oxide Gases 513
Nonassociated Natural Gas 515
Octane Barrel Yield 517
Octane Number 519
Oil and Gas from Tight Formations 521
Oil and Gas Originally in Place 523
Oil Recovery Factor 525
Oil Shale – General Classification 527
Oilfield Chemicals 529
Olamine Processes 531
Olamine 533
On-Stream Factor 535
Opportunity Crudes 537
Organic Compounds – Physical and Thermochemical Data 539
Organic Solvents 547
Oxygen 549
Ozone 551
Paraffin Hydrocarbons 553
Particle Size Classification 555
Permeability 557
Petrochemicals 559
Petroleum Products – Heat Content 561
Petroleum Products 563
Phase Behavior 567
Polychlorobiphenyls 569
Porosity 573
Prefixes 575
Pressure Conversion 577
Principal Component Analysis 579
Process System 581
Product Blending 583
Production Engineering Units 585
Productivity Index 587
Proppants 589
PVT Properties 591
Rate of Reaction 593
Reactor Types 595
Recovery Methods 597
Refinery Feedstocks – Corrosive Constituents 599
Refinery Gas 601
Refinery Types 603
Refinery Units – Materials of Construction and Operating Conditions 605
Refractive Index and Specific Refraction 607
Relative Density 609
Relative Permeability 611
Relative Volatility 613
Reserves – Estimation 615
Reserves 617
Reservoir Crude Oil 619
Reservoir – Drive Mechanisms 621
Reservoir Pressure 623
Reservoir – Types and Classification 625
Reservoir 627
Resid Upgrading Technologies 629
Resource Estimation 631
Retrograde Condensate Systems 633
Retrograde Condensation 635
Reynolds Number 637
Rock Types 639
SARA Analysis 641
Saturated Steam 643
Saturation 645
Sediments, Reservoirs, and Deposits 647
Separators – Gas-Oil Separation 649
Shale Gas Formation 651
Shale Gas Reservoirs – Variation in Shale Properties 653
Shale Gas – Variations in Composition 655
Shale Oil (Kerogen-Derived Oil) – Variation in Properties 657
Shale Plays – Properties 659
SI – International System of Units 661
Solubility Parameter 667
Solvents 669
Specific Gravity 673
Specific Heat 675
Stress-Corrosion Cracking 677
Sulfur Dioxide 679
Sulfur Material Balance 681
Supercritical Fluids 683
Surface Tension 685
Sweetening Processes 687
Synthesis Gas 689
Tar Sand 691
Test Methods 695
Contents xvii
Thermal Conductivity 697
Thermal Cracking Processes 699
Tight Formations 701
Unit Process 703
Vapor Density 705
Vapor Pressure 707
Viscosity 709
Viscosity Index 713
Viscosity of Petroleum Fractions 715
Viscosity-Gravity Constant 717
Volume Flow Rate 719
Volumetric Evaluation 721
Volumetric Factors 723
Water – Boiling Point Variation with Pressure 725
Water –Common Impurities 727
Water – Density and Viscosity in Relation to Temperature 729
Water Saturation 731
Watson Characterization Factor 733
Weights and Measures – Density 735
Weights and Measures – Fuels 737
Weights and Measures - General 739
Well Casing 741
Wellbore Stability Analysis 743
Wettability 745
Wobbe Index 747
Working Gas 749
Bibliography and Information Sources 751
