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Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 432 Pages
  • November 2021
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5836533
This pioneering textbook on the topic provides a clear and well-structured description of the fundamental chemistry involved in these systems, as well as an excellent overview of the real-life practical applications.
Prof. Holze is a well-known researcher and an experienced author who guides the reader with his didactic style, and readers can test their understanding with questions and answers throughout the text.
Written mainly for advanced students in chemistry, physics, materials science, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, this text is equally a valuable resource for scientists and engineers working in the field, both in academia and industry.

Table of Contents

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

1 Processes and Applications of Energy Conversion and Storage 1

2 Electrochemical Processes and Systems 21

2.1 Parasitic Reactions 30

2.2 Self-discharge 30

2.3 Device Deterioration 32

2.3.1 Aging 37

3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Systems 39

4 Kinetics of Electrochemical Energy Conversion Processes 55

4.1 Steps of Electrode Reactions and Overpotentials 56

4.2 Transport 56

4.3 Charge Transfer 59

4.4 Overpotentials 59

4.5 Diffusion 62

4.6 Further Overpotentials 63

5 Electrodes and Electrolytes 71

5.1 Recycling 84

6 Experimental Methods 87

6.1 Battery Tester 87

6.2 Current-Potential Measurements 88

6.3 Charge/Discharge Measurements 92

6.4 Battery Charging 100

6.5 Linear Scan and Cyclic Voltammetry 107

6.6 Impedance Measurements 111

6.7 Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) 117

6.8 Potentiostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (PITT) 119

6.9 Step Potential Electrochemical Spectroscopy (SPECS) 120

6.10 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) 121

6.11 Non-electrochemical Methods 121

6.11.1 Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 121

6.11.2 Gas Adsorption Measurements 121

6.11.3 Microscopies 122

6.11.4 Thermal Measurements 122

6.11.5 Modeling 123

7 Primary Systems 127

7.1 Aqueous Systems 129

7.1.1 Zinc-Carbon Battery 129

7.1.2 Alkaline Zn//MnO2 Battery 131

7.1.3 Zn//HgO Battery 134

7.1.4 Zn//AgO Battery 136

7.1.5 Cd//AgO Batteries 138

7.1.6 Mg//MnO2 Batteries 140

7.2 Nonaqueous Systems 141

7.2.1 Primary Lithium Batteries 141

7.2.2 Li//MnO2 144

7.2.3 Li//Bi2O3 145

7.2.4 Li//CuO 146

7.2.5 Li//V2O5, Li//Ag2V4O11, and Li//CSVO 147

7.2.6 Li//CuS 148

7.2.7 Li//FeS2 149

7.2.8 Li//CFx Primary Battery 150

7.2.9 Li//I2 151

7.2.10 Li//SO2 151

7.2.11 Li//SOCl2 153

7.2.12 Li//SO2Cl2 156

7.2.13 Li//Oxyhalide Primary Battery 156

7.3 Metal-Air Systems 157

7.3.1 Aqueous Metal-Air Primary Batteries 157

7.3.2 Nonaqueous Metal-Air Batteries 168

7.4 Reserve Batteries 170

7.4.1 Seawater-activated Batteries 171

7.4.2 High Power Activated Batteries 173

8 Secondary Systems 175

8.1 Aqueous Systems 176

8.1.1 Lead-Acid 176

8.1.2 Lead Grid 181

8.1.3 Ni-based Secondary Batteries 189

8.1.4 Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries 202

8.1.5 Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium Batteries 206

8.2 Nonaqueous Systems 208

8.2.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 208

8.2.2 Rechargeable Li//S Batteries 230

8.2.3 Rechargeable Na//S Batteries 233

8.2.4 Rechargeable Li//Se Batteries 234

8.2.5 Rechargeable Mg Batteries 235

8.3 Gel Polymer Electrolyte-based Secondary Batteries 235

8.3.1 Gel Lithium-Ion Batteries 236

8.3.2 Gel-Type Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries 238

8.4 Solid Electrolyte-based Secondary Batteries 238

8.4.1 Solid Lithium-Ion Batteries 239

8.4.2 Rechargeable Solid Lithium Batteries 240

8.5 Rechargeable Metal-Air Batteries 240

8.5.1 Rechargeable Li//Air Batteries 242

8.5.2 Rechargeable Na//Air Batteries 243

8.5.3 Rechargeable Zn//Air Batteries 245

8.6 High-Temperature Systems 246

8.6.1 Sodium-Sulfur Battery 247

8.6.2 Sodium-Nickel Chloride Battery 250

8.6.3 All Liquid Metal Accumalator 254

9 Fuel Cells 257

9.1 The Oxygen Electrode 261

9.2 The Hydrogen Electrode 267

9.3 Common Features of Fuel Cells 268

9.4 Classification of Fuel Cells 272

9.4.1 Ambient Temperature Fuel Cells 272

9.4.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 273

9.4.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 274

9.4.4 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells 281

9.4.5 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 283

9.4.6 Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells 284

9.4.7 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 284

9.4.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 285

9.4.9 High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 286

9.5 Applications of Fuel Cells 288

9.6 Fuel Cells in Energy Storage Systems 289

10 Flow Batteries 293

10.1 The Iron/Chromium System 298

10.2 The Iron/Vanadium System 299

10.3 The Iron/Cadmium System 299

10.4 The Bromine/Polysulfide System 300

10.5 The All-Vanadium System 300

10.6 The Vanadium/Bromine System 302

10.7 Actinide RFBs 302

10.8 All-Organic RFBs 303

10.9 Nonaqueous RFBs 303

10.10 Hybrid Systems 303

10.11 The Zinc/Cerium System 304

10.12 The Zinc/Bromine System 304

10.13 The Zinc/Organic System 305

10.14 The Cadmium/Organic System 305

10.15 The Lead/Lead Dioxide System 306

10.16 The Cadmium/Lead Dioxide System 307

10.17 The All-Copper System 307

10.18 The Zinc/Nickel System 307

10.19 The Lithium/LiFePO4 System 308

10.20 Vanadium Solid-Salt Battery 308

10.21 Vanadium-Dioxygen System 308

10.22 Electrochemical Flow Capacitor 310

10.23 Current State and Perspectives 310

11 Supercapacitors 313

11.1 Classification of Supercapacitors 314

11.2 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors 316

11.2.1 Electrolytes for EDLCs 317

11.2.2 Electrode Materials for EDLCs 318

11.2.3 Electrochemical Performance of EDLCs 325

11.3 Pseudocapacitors 326

11.3.1 RuO2 327

11.3.2 MnO2 330

11.3.3 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 335

11.3.4 Redox Couples 343

11.3.5 Electrochemical Performance of Pseudocapacitors 346

11.4 Hybrid Capacitors 351

11.4.1 Negative Electrode Materials 351

11.4.2 Positive Electrode Materials 359

11.4.3 Electrochemical Performance of Hybrid Capacitors 370

11.5 Testing of Supercapacitors 376

11.6 Commercially Available Supercapacitors 377

11.7 Application of Supercapacitors 378

11.7.1 Uninterruptible Power Sources 379

11.7.2 Transportation 379

11.7.3 Smart Grids 380

11.7.4 Military Equipment 380

11.7.5 Other Civilian Applications 381

Appendix 383

Acronyms, Terms, and Definitions 387

Further Reading 401

Index 407

Authors

Yuping Wu Nanjing Tech University, China. Rudolf Holze TU Chemnitz, Germany.