The Global Market for Biobased Polymers & Plastics (Bioplastics): 2025-2035

2.1 Types of bioplastics
2.2 Bio-based or renewable plastics
2.2.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
2.2.2 Novel bio-based plastics
2.3 Biodegradable and compostable plastics
2.3.1 Biodegradability
2.3.2 Compostability
2.4 Key market players

3.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
3.1.1 Market analysis
3.1.2 Production
3.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
3.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
3.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities
3.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
3.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
3.2.1 Market analysis
3.2.2 Producers and production capacities
3.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
3.3.1 Market analysis
3.3.2 Producers and production capacities
3.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
3.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
3.4.1 Market analysis
3.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
3.4.3 Producers and production capacities
3.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
3.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
3.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
3.5.1 Market analysis
3.5.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
3.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
3.6.1 Market analysis
3.6.2 Producers and production capacities
3.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
3.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
3.7.1 Market analysis
3.7.2 Producers and production capacities
3.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
3.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
3.8.1 Market analysis
3.8.2 Producers and production capacities
3.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
3.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
3.9.1 Market analysis
3.9.2 Producers and production capacities
3.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)

4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
4.1.1 Technology description
4.1.2 Types
4.1.2.1 PHB
4.1.2.2 PHBV
4.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
4.1.4 Market analysis
4.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
4.1.6 Markets for PHAs
4.1.6.1 Packaging
4.1.6.2 Cosmetics
4.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
4.1.6.3 Medical
4.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
4.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
4.1.6.4 Agriculture
4.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
4.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
4.1.7 Producers and production capacities
4.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
4.2 Cellulose
4.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
4.2.1.1 Market analysis
4.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities
4.2.2 Nanocellulose
4.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
4.2.2.1.1 Synthesis
4.2.2.1.2 Properties
4.2.2.1.3 Production
4.2.2.1.4 Applications
4.2.2.1.5 Market analysis
4.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities
4.2.2.1.7 Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market
4.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers
4.2.2.2.1 Applications
4.2.2.2.2 Market analysis
4.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities
4.2.2.2.3.1   Global demand in tons by market
4.2.2.2.3.1.1  Composites
4.2.2.2.3.1.2  Automotive
4.2.2.2.3.1.3  Building and construction
4.2.2.2.3.1.4  Paper & board/packaging
4.2.2.2.3.1.5  Textiles
4.2.2.2.3.1.6  Biomedicine and healthcare
4.2.2.2.3.1.7  Hygiene and sanitary products
4.2.2.2.3.1.8  Paint and coatings
4.2.2.2.3.1.9  Aerogels
4.2.2.2.3.1.10 Oil and gas
4.2.2.2.3.1.11 Filtration
4.2.2.2.3.1.12 Rheology modifiers
4.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
4.2.2.3.1 Production
4.2.2.3.2 Applications
4.2.3 Protein-based bioplastics
4.2.3.1 Types, applications and producers
4.2.4 Algal and fungal
4.2.4.1 Algal
4.2.4.1.1 Advantages
4.2.4.1.2 Production
4.2.4.1.3 Producers
4.2.4.2 Mycelium
4.2.4.2.1 Properties
4.2.4.2.2 Applications
4.2.4.2.3 Commercialization
4.2.5 Chitosan
4.2.5.1 Technology description

5.1 North America
5.2 Europe
5.3 Asia-Pacific
5.3.1 China
5.3.2 Japan
5.3.3 Thailand
5.3.4 Indonesia
5.4 Latin America

6.1 Packaging
6.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
6.1.2 Applications
6.1.3 Flexible packaging
6.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2035
6.1.4 Rigid packaging
6.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2035
6.2 Consumer products
6.2.1 Applications
6.2.2 Production volumes 2019-2035
6.3 Automotive
6.3.1 Applications
6.3.2 Production volumes 2019-2035
6.4 Building & construction
6.4.1 Applications
6.4.2 Production volumes 2019-2035
6.5 Textiles
6.5.1 Apparel
6.5.2 Footwear
6.5.3 Medical textiles
6.5.4 Production volumes 2019-2035
6.5.5 Electronics
6.5.5.1 Applications
6.5.5.2 Production volumes 2019-2035
6.5.6 Agriculture and horticulture
6.5.6.1 Production volumes 2019-2035

7.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
7.2 Advantages of natural fibers
7.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber  products
7.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
7.5 Challenges
7.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
7.6.1 Seed fibers
7.6.1.1 Cotton
7.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.1.2 Kapok
7.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.1.3 Luffa
7.6.2 Bast fibers
7.6.2.1 Jute
7.6.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.2.2.1 Hemp
7.6.2.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.2.3 Flax
7.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.2.4 Ramie
7.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.2.5 Kenaf
7.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.3 Leaf fibers
7.6.3.1 Sisal
7.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.3.2 Abaca
7.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.4 Fruit fibers
7.6.4.1 Coir
7.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.4.2 Banana
7.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.4.3 Pineapple
7.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
7.6.5.1 Rice fiber
7.6.5.2 Corn
7.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
7.6.6.1 Switch grass
7.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
7.6.6.3 Bamboo
7.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2035
7.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
7.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
7.7.1 Wool
7.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
7.7.1.2 Producers
7.7.2 Silk fiber
7.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
7.7.2.1.1 Producers
7.7.3 Leather
7.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
7.7.3.1.1 Producers
7.7.4 Fur
7.7.4.1 Producers
7.7.5 Down
7.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
7.7.5.1.1 Producers
7.8 Markets for natural fibers
7.8.1 Composites
7.8.2 Applications
7.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
7.8.3.1 Properties
7.8.3.2 Applications
7.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
7.8.4.1 Automotive
7.8.4.2 Applications
7.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
7.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
7.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
7.8.7.1 Flax
7.8.7.2 Kenaf
7.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
7.8.9 Aerospace
7.8.9.1 Market overview
7.8.10 Automotive
7.8.10.1  Market overview
7.8.10.2  Applications of natural fibers
7.8.11 Building/construction
7.8.11.1  Market overview
7.8.11.2  Applications of natural fibers
7.8.12 Sports and leisure
7.8.12.1  Market overview
7.8.13 Textiles
7.8.13.1  Market overview
7.8.13.2  Consumer apparel
7.8.13.3  Geotextiles
7.8.14 Packaging
7.8.14.1  Market overview
7.9 Global production of natural fibers
7.9.1 Overall global fibers market
7.9.2 By material types
7.9.3 By market

8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 What is lignin?
8.1.1.1 Lignin structure
8.1.2 Types of lignin
8.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
8.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
8.1.3 Properties
8.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
8.1.5 Markets and applications
8.1.6 Challenges for using lignin
8.2 Lignin production processes
8.2.1 Feedstock Preprocessing
8.2.2 Conversion Processes
8.2.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion
8.2.2.2 Chemical Conversion
8.2.2.3 Biological Conversion
8.2.2.4 Electrochemical Conversion
8.2.3 Lignosulphonates
8.2.4 Kraft Lignin
8.2.4.1 LignoBoost process
8.2.4.2 LignoForce method
8.2.4.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
8.2.4.4 A-Recovery
8.2.4.5 SWOT analysis
8.2.5 Soda lignin
8.2.5.1 Description
8.2.5.2 SWOT analysis
8.2.6 Biorefinery lignin
8.2.6.1 Products Extraction & Purification
8.2.6.2 Lignocellulose Biorefinery Economics
8.2.6.3 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes
8.2.6.4 SWOT analysis
8.2.7 Organosolv lignins
8.2.8 Hydrolytic lignin
8.3 Lignin nanoparticles
8.4 Lignin-based carbon materials
8.5 Depolymerized lignin products
8.6 Lignin-based bioplastics
8.7 Markets for lignin
8.7.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin
8.7.2 Production capacities
8.7.2.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
8.7.2.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
8.7.3 Consumption of lignin
8.7.3.1 By type
8.7.3.2 By market
8.7.4 Prices
8.7.5 Markets and applications
8.7.5.1 Heat and power energy
8.7.5.2 Bio-oils
8.7.5.3 Syngas
8.7.5.4 Aromatic compounds
8.7.5.4.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
8.7.5.4.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
8.7.5.4.3 Vanillin
8.7.5.5 Polymers
8.7.5.6 Hydrogels
8.7.5.6.1 Adhesives
8.7.5.7 Carbon materials
8.7.5.7.1 Carbon black
8.7.5.7.2 Activated carbons
8.7.5.7.3 Carbon fiber
8.7.5.8 Construction materials
8.7.5.9 Rubber
8.7.5.10  Bitumen and Asphalt
8.7.5.11  Fuels
8.7.5.12  Energy storage
8.7.5.12.1 Supercapacitors
8.7.5.12.2 Anodes for lithium-ion batteries
8.7.5.12.3 Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries
8.7.5.12.4 Binders for lithium-ion batteries
8.7.5.12.5 Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
8.7.5.12.6 Sodium-ion batteries
8.7.5.13  Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants
8.7.5.14  Chelating agents
8.7.5.15  Coatings
8.7.5.16  Ceramics
8.7.5.17  Automotive
8.7.5.18  Fire retardants
8.7.5.19  Antioxidants
8.7.5.20  Lubricants
8.7.5.21  Dust control

Table 1. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications.
Table 2. Type of biodegradation.
Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics.
Table 4. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types.
Table 5. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 6. Lactic acid producers and production capacities.
Table 7. PLA producers and production capacities.
Table 8. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China.
Table 9. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 10. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
Table 11. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 12. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers.
Table 13. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 14. PEF vs. PET.
Table 15. FDCA and PEF producers.
Table 16. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 17. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities.
Table 18. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 19. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands.
Table 20. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 21. Leading PBS producers and production capacities.
Table 22. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 23. Leading Bio-PE producers.
Table 24. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 25. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities.
Table 26.Types of PHAs and properties.
Table 27. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers.
Table 28. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods.
Table 29. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis.
Table 30. Commercially available PHAs.
Table 31. Markets and applications for PHAs.
Table 32. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging.
Table 33. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers.
Table 34. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications.
Table 35. Leading MFC producers and capacities.
Table 36. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC).
Table 37. CNC sources, size and yield.
Table 38. CNC properties.
Table 39. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials.
Table 40. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC).
Table 41. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis.
Table 42: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer.
Table 43. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2035 (metric tons).
Table 44. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF).
Table 45. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis.
Table 46. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes.
Table 47. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC).
Table 48. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 49. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies.
Table 50. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 51. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics.
Table 52. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 53. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics.
Table 54. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 55. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2035, by region, 1,000 tonnes.
Table 56. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America.
Table 57. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe.
Table 58. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific.
Table 59. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America.
Table 60. Processes for bioplastics in packaging.
Table 61. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging.
Table 62. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging.
Table 63. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging.
Table 64. Types of next-gen natural fibers.
Table 65. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers.
Table 66. Typical properties of natural fibers.
Table 67. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products.
Table 68. Market drivers for natural fibers.
Table 69. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 70. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 71. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 72. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 73. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 74. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 75. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 76. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 77. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 78. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 79. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 80. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 81. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 82. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 83. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 84. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications.
Table 85. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size.
Table 86. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 87. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications.
Table 88. Alternative wool materials producers.
Table 89. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size.
Table 90. Alternative silk materials producers.
Table 91. Alternative leather materials producers.
Table 92. Next-gen fur producers.
Table 93. Alternative down materials producers.
Table 94. Applications of natural fiber composites.
Table 95. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites.
Table 96. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites.
Table 97. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites.
Table 98. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds.
Table 99. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats.
Table 100. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 101. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market.
Table 102. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 103. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry.
Table 104. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 105. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector.
Table 106. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 107. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 108. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use.
Table 109. Technical lignin types and applications.
Table 110. Classification of technical lignins.
Table 111. Lignin content of selected biomass.
Table 112. Properties of lignins and their applications.
Table 113. Example markets and applications for lignin.
Table 114. Processes for lignin production.
Table 115. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and  processes
Table 116. Market drivers and trends for lignin.
Table 117. Production capacities of technical lignin producers.
Table 118. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers.
Table 119. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT).
Table 120. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2034 (000 MT).
Table 121. Lignin aromatic compound products.
Table 122. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives.
Table 123. Lignin products in polymeric materials.
Table 124. Application of lignin in plastics and composites.
Table 125. Applications of lignin in construction materials.
Table 126. Lignin applications in rubber and elastomers.
Table 127. Lignin products in fuels.
Table 128. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries.
Table 129. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants.
Table 130. Lactips plastic pellets.
Table 131. Oji Holdings CNF products.

Figure 1.  Coca-Cola PlantBottle®.
Figure 2. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics.
Figure 3. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 4. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes)
Figure 5. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 6. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025.
Figure 7. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 8. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 9. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 10. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 11. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 12. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 13. PHA family.
Figure 14. PHA production capacities 2019-2035 (1,000 tonnes).
Figure 15. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals.
Figure 16. CNC preparation.
Figure 17. Extracting CNC from trees.
Figure 18. CNC slurry.
Figure 19. Global demand for cellulose nanocrystals by market, 2018-2035 (metric tons).
Figure 20. CNF gel.
Figure 21. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in composites, 2018-2035 (metric tons).
Figure 22. Global market demand for cellulose nanofibers in the automotive sector, 2018-2035 (metric tons).
Figure 23. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in construction, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 24. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the paper & board/packaging market, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 25. Demand for cellulose nanofibers in the textiles sector, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 26. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in biomedical and healthcare, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 27. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in hygiene and sanitary products, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 28. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in paint and coatings, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 29: Global demand for nanocellulose in in aerogels, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 30. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the oil and gas market, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 31. Global demand for Cellulose nanofibers in the filtration market, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 32. Global demand for cellulose nanofibers in the rheology modifiers market, 2018-2035 (tons).
Figure 33. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 34. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix.
Figure 35. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam.
Figure 36. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials.
Figure 37. Global production capacities for bioplastics by region  2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 38. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2035, 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 39. PHA bioplastics products.
Figure 40. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019-2035 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 41. Production volumes for bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019-2035 (‘000 tonnes).
Figure 42. Global production for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 43. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 44. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable polymers in building and construction 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 45. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable polymers in textiles 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 46. Global production volumes for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 47. Biodegradable mulch films.
Figure 48. Global production volulmes for biobased and biodegradable polymers in agriculture 2019-2035, in 1,000 tonnes.
Figure 49. Types of natural fibers.
Figure 50. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap.
Figure 51. Adidas algae-ink tees.
Figure 52. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle.
Figure 53. Miratex watch bands.
Figure 54. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22.
Figure 55. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
Figure 56. Cotton production volume 2018-2035 (Million MT).
Figure 57. Kapok production volume 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 58.  Luffa cylindrica fiber.
Figure 59. Jute production volume 2018-2035 (Million MT).
Figure 60. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2035 ( MT).
Figure 61. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 62. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 63. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 64. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 65. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 66. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MILLION MT).
Figure 67. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MT).
Figure 68. Pineapple fiber.
Figure 69. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019.
Figure 70. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2035 (MILLION MT).
Figure 71. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials.
Figure 72. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel.
Figure 73. Car door produced from Hemp fiber.
Figure 74. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers.
Figure 75. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel.
Figure 76. Coir mats for erosion control.
Figure 77. Global fiber production in 2023, by fiber type, million MT and %.
Figure 78. Global fiber production (million MT), 2018-2035.
Figure 79. Natural fiber production 2018-2035, by material type, Million MT.
Figure 80. Natural fiber production 2018-2035, by market, Million MT.
Figure 81. High purity lignin.
Figure 82. Lignocellulose architecture.
Figure 83. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins.
Figure 84. The lignocellulose biorefinery.
Figure 85. LignoBoost process.
Figure 86. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor.
Figure 87. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system.
Figure 88. A-Recovery  chemical recovery concept.
Figure 89. Kraft lignin SWOT analysis.
Figure 90. Soda lignin SWOT analysis.
Figure 91. Biorefinery lignin SWOT analysis.
Figure 92. Organosolv lignin.
Figure 93. Hydrolytic lignin powder.
Figure 94. Estimated consumption of lignin, by type, 2019-2035 (000 MT).
Figure 95. Estimated consumption of lignin, by market, 2019-2035 (000 MT).
Figure 96. Schematic of WISA plywood home.
Figure 97. Lignin based activated carbon.
Figure 98. Lignin/celluose precursor.
Figure 99. Functional rubber filler made from lignin.
Figure 100. Road repair utilizing lignin.
Figure 101. Prototype of lignin based supercapacitor.
Figure 102. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.
Figure 103. Pluumo.
Figure 104. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process.
Figure 105. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel.
Figure 106. MEDICELLU™.
Figure 107. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet.
Figure 108. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric.
Figure 109. CNF nonwoven fabric.
Figure 110. Roof frame made of natural fiber.
Figure 111. Beyond Leather Materials product.
Figure 112. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA.
Figure 113. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc.
Figure 114. Fiber-based screw cap.
Figure 115. formicobio™ technology.
Figure 116. nanoforest-S.
Figure 117. nanoforest-PDP.
Figure 118. nanoforest-MB.
Figure 119. sunliquid® production process.
Figure 120. CuanSave film.
Figure 121. Celish.
Figure 122. Trunk lid incorporating CNF.
Figure 123. ELLEX products.
Figure 124. CNF-reinforced PP compounds.
Figure 125. Kirekira! toilet wipes.
Figure 126. Color CNF.
Figure 127. Rheocrysta spray.
Figure 128. DKS CNF products.
Figure 129. Domsjö process.
Figure 130. Mushroom leather.
Figure 131. CNF based on citrus peel.
Figure 132. Citrus cellulose nanofiber.
Figure 133. Filler Bank CNC products.
Figure 134. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing.
Figure 135. GREEN CHIP CMF pellets and injection moulded products.
Figure 136.  TMP-Bio Process.
Figure 137. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna.
Figure 138. Water-repellent cellulose.
Figure 139. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE).
Figure 140. PHA production process.
Figure 141. CNF products from Furukawa Electric.
Figure 142. AVAPTM process.
Figure 143. GreenPower ™ process.
Figure 144. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials.
Figure 145. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer).
Figure 146. CNF gel.
Figure 147. Block nanocellulose material.
Figure 148. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu.
Figure 149. Marine leather products.
Figure 150. Inner Mettle Milk products.
Figure 151. Kami Shoji CNF products.
Figure 152. Dual Graft System.
Figure 153. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins.
Figure 154. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended).
Figure 155. Kel Labs yarn.
Figure 156. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side).
Figure 157. Lignin gel.
Figure 158. BioFlex process.
Figure 159. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee.
Figure 160. LX Process.
Figure 161. Made of Air's HexChar panels.
Figure 162. TransLeather.
Figure 163. Chitin nanofiber product.
Figure 164. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products.
Figure 165. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder.
Figure 166. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology.
Figure 167. IPA synthesis method.
Figure 168. MOGU-Wave panels.
Figure 169. CNF slurries.
Figure 170. Range of CNF products.
Figure 171. Reishi.
Figure 172. Compostable water pod.
Figure 173. Leather made from leaves.
Figure 174. Nike shoe with beLEAF™.
Figure 175. CNF clear sheets.
Figure 176. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product.
Figure 177. Fluorene cellulose ® powder.
Figure 178. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process.
Figure 179. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk.
Figure 180. XCNF.
Figure 181: Plantrose process.
Figure 182. LOVR hemp leather.
Figure 183. CNF insulation flat plates.
Figure 184. Hansa lignin.
Figure 185. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 186. Manufacturing process for STARCEL.
Figure 187. 3D printed cellulose shoe.
Figure 188. Lyocell process.
Figure 189. North Face Spiber Moon Parka.
Figure 190. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie.
Figure 191. Spider silk production.
Figure 192. Stora Enso lignin battery materials.
Figure 193. 2 wt.% CNF suspension.
Figure 194. BiNFi-s Dry Powder.
Figure 195. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet.
Figure 196. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material.
Figure 197. Sulapac cosmetics containers.
Figure 198.  Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing.
Figure 199. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins.
Figure 200. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles.
Figure 201. Corbion FDCA production process.
Figure 202. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF.
Figure 203. CNF resin products.
Figure 204. UPM biorefinery process.
Figure 205. Vegea production process.
Figure 206. The Proesa® Process.
Figure 207. Goldilocks process and applications.
Figure 208. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process.
Figure 209. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test.
Figure 210. Worn Again products.
Figure 211. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process.